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Immunology > Adaptive Immune System 1) Proteins > Flashcards

Adaptive Immune System 1) Proteins Flashcards

1
Q

What are antibodies also known as?

A

Immunoglobulins

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2
Q

What are antibodies produced by and where are they expressed?

A

by B lymphocytes

Expressed on surface of B cells

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3
Q

What are the main functions of antibodies?

A
  • Prevent microbes entering or damaging cells
  • Stimulate removal of microbes by phagocytes (opsonisation)
  • Trigger destruction of microbes by stimulating other immune responses
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4
Q

How do antibodies prevent microbes entering or damaging cells?

A

Neutralise antigens

Agglutination of microbes

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5
Q

How do antibodies neutralise antigens?

A

By binding to that antigen

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6
Q

What are the given examples of toxins which antibodies neutralise?

A

Diptheria toxin (RNA Translational inhibitor) and tetanus toxin (blocks inhibitory neurotransmitter release causing muscle spasms)

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7
Q

What is agglutination of microbes?

A

The clumping together of microbes caused by antibodies binding on the surface of two adjacent microbes, preventing infection

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8
Q

What are large clumps of microbes and antibodies called?

A

immune complexes

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9
Q

What eliminate immune complexes?

A

phagocytes

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10
Q

How do antibodies stimulate removal of microbes by phagocytes?

A

opsonisation

Microbes are “tagged” by antibodies, enhancing phagocytosis

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11
Q

Which receptors expressed on the phagocytes surfaces recognise antibody tagging (opsonisation)?

A

Fc receptors

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12
Q

What other immune responses do antibodies trigger?

A

Complement activation

Natural Killer Cells

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13
Q

How do antibodies stimulate complement activation?

A

Antibodies bind to antigens, resulting in conformational change in antibody structure, exposing a binding site for C1q (the initiating factor of the classical complement pathway)

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14
Q

How do antibodies stimulate activation of natural killer cells?

A

Antibodies bind to antigens
Fc regions of bound antibodies are recognised by Fc receptors on surface of NK cells, activating NK cells and killing antibody coating cell

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15
Q

What is the structure of an antibody?

A

Large Y shaped globular glycoproteins, made of 4 polypeptides held together by disulphide bridges

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16
Q

What are the disulphide bridges like in antibodies?

A

2 identical heavy chain, 2 identical light chains, each containing a variable region and a constant domain

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17
Q

What are the 5 different antibody isotypes?

A

IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE, IgD

18
Q

Which antibody type is most abundant in the blood?

19
Q

Describe IgG.

A

Occurs as monomer, high addinity for antigen, actively transported across placenta

20
Q

Which antibody provides antibody mediated immunity during foetal development and in neonates?

21
Q

Which immunoglobullin is the second most abundant?

22
Q

Describe IgA.

A

Occurs as monomer in blood and dimer in secretions. This dimer is actively transported across epithelial surfaces into secretions eg tears

23
Q

What is the primary defence mechanism at mucosal surfaces such as bronchioles and nasal mucosa, and is the major secretory immunoglobulin?

A

dimeric IgA

24
Q

Describe IgM

A

Large pentameric molecule, 5 IgM antibodies are joined together, contains many antigen binding sites

25
Q

Where is IgM mainly found?

A

blood, but also expressed on B cells as a monomer

26
Q

Which antibody is important in early stages of humoral immune responses?

27
Q

Which antibodies are present at extremely low levels?

A

IgD and IgE

28
Q

Describe IgD.

A

Expressed on surface of B cells

29
Q

Describe IgE.

A

Produced in response to parasites

Involved in Type 1 Hypersensitvity (allergic) reactions by activating mast cells and basophils e.g. in asthma

30
Q

Describe IgE’s involvement in allergy.

A

IgE is produced and binds to Fc receptors on mast cells. Antigen crosslinks and causes mast cell degranulation upon secondary challenge

31
Q

Which antibody is responsible for neutralization?

A

Mainly IgG

32
Q

Which antibody is responsible for agglutination?

33
Q

Which antibody is responsible for opsonisation?

34
Q

Which antibody is responsible for complement activation?

35
Q

Which antibody is responsible forNK cell activation?

36
Q

Which antibody is responsible for placental transfer?

37
Q

Which antibody is responsible for neutralization at mucosal sites?

38
Q

Which antibody is responsible for mast cell activation?

39
Q

What is the Fab fragment involved in?

A

antigen binding

40
Q

How many antigen binding sites are there per antibody molecule?

A

2 (IgM has many more binding sites)

41
Q

What is the Fc region responsible for?

A

major biological actions of antibodies

Plays key role in activating phagocytes

Immunology (10 decks)

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