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Surgery > Principles of Surgical Oncology > Flashcards

Principles of Surgical Oncology Flashcards

1
Q

What characteristic links all cancers?

A

Uncontrolled cell growth and proliferation

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2
Q

True or False:

Cancer is considered a genetic disease.

A

TRUE

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3
Q

What are other factors that could cause cancer?

A

Chemical: environment, tobacco, pesticides

Physical: sunlight, trauma, chronic inflammation, implants, magnets

Hormonal: estrogen/progesterone, testosterone

Viral: papillomavirus, retrovirus, FELV/FIV

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4
Q

What do you call the length of time from date of diagnosis or start of treatment that 1/2 of the patients with the disease are still alive?

A

Median survival time

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5
Q

What do you call the period from diagnosis until the 1st recurrance?

A

Disease free interval

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6
Q

What do you call obtaining tumor tissue for microscopic analysis?

A

Biopsy

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7
Q

What do you call the process of determining the extent of a tumor and the presence of regional and distant metastasis?

A

Staging

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8
Q

What 3 tests does staging ALWAYS include?

A

CBC/Chem/UA

Thoracic radiographs

Regional lymph node aspirates/biopsies

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9
Q

In the World Health Organization TNM Classification system, what do T, N, and M stand for?

A

T = tumor

N = node

M = metastasis

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10
Q

True or False:

Metastasis can be present despite a lack of lymph node enlargement.

A

TRUE

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11
Q

In evaluating the lymph nodes, what needs to be done at minimum?

A

Fine needle spirate

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12
Q

What is the ultimate diagnostic tool in oncology?

A

Histopathology

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13
Q

What 2 pieces of information can histopathology tell you?

A

Tumor type

Tumor grade

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14
Q

What is the guideline for formalin fixation?

A

1 part tissue to 10 parts formalin

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15
Q

Always change ____ and instruments when performing biopsy on multiple tumors.

A

Gloves

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16
Q

For which types of lesions can a punch biopsy be used?

A

Superficial lesions - skin, oral, perianal tumors, liver

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17
Q

Which biopsy technique is best for ulcerated and necrotic lesions?

A

Wedge biopsy

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18
Q

When can you use an excisional biopsy?

A

Small cutaneous mass reexcision with 2-3 cm margin in all directions

Cytology clearly indicates a benign lesion

Tumor type does not change treatment plan

Risk of biopsy equal or higher to surgical risk

Surgical emergencies

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19
Q

True or False:

Fine needle aspirate of lytic bone does not require anestesia.

A

TRUE

20
Q
A

Trephine

21
Q
A

Jamshidi

22
Q

When should a regional lymph node be excised?

A

When known to contain tumor cells

When grossly abnormal

When in surgical margins

23
Q

What are the 4 types of resection?

A

Intracapsular

Marginal

Wide

Radical

24
Q

With which resection is macrscopic disease left behind?

Which which resection is microscopic disease potentially left behind?

A

Intracapsular resection

Marginal resection

25
Q

Which type of resection is typically the most appropriate form of treatment?

A

Wide resection

26
Q

What are the margins of a wide resection?

A

2-5 cm

27
Q

What are the margins of a radical resection?

A

Margins extend beyond anatomical compartment

(Limb amputation, chain mastectomy)

28
Q

What type of tumors might intracapsular excision be used for?

A

Thyroid

Parathryoid

29
Q

Which excision is “just out the pseudocapsule”?

A

Marginal excision

30
Q

What is an example of a tumor where marginal excision can be used?

A

Lipoma

31
Q

What 4 things does a wide excision remove?

A
  1. En bloc removal of the mass
  2. Pseudocapsule
  3. Reactive zone
  4. Normal margin or tissue
32
Q

What is a broad example of tumor where wide excision might be used?

A

Low grade, minimally invasive malignant tumor

33
Q

What are your skin margins for a sarcoma?

A

3-5 cm on skin

1-2 fascial planes deep

34
Q

What are your skin margins for a mast cell tumor?

A

1-3 cm on skin

1 fascial plane deep - ALWAYS

35
Q

What is you minimal margin for an oral tumor?

A

1 cm minimum

36
Q

Which tumor type might require a radical excision?

A

Highly invasive, poorly localized malignant tumor

37
Q

True or False:

It is necessary to change ALL instruments and glove for wound closure.

A
38
Q

True or False:

Primary closure is not always preferred in tumor removal.

A

FALSE

Close with primary repair whenever possible!

39
Q

In closure of the wound after tumor removal, what are the 3 things that should be avoided?

A

Tension

Dead space

Drains

40
Q

Samples should be allowed to dry. About how long should you wait before placing that sample in formalin?

A

About 20 minutes

41
Q

Histopathology is NOT an ____.

A
42
Q

Histopathology not only allows for a definitive diagnosis, it will also assist in the evaluation of what?

A

Margins

43
Q

Adjuvant therapy is generally good in helping fight microscopic disease but is less effective for _____ disease.

A

Macroscopic

44
Q

Where should vaccines be given in cats?

Where should vaccines NOT be given in cats?

A

Give as distal on limbs as possible

AVOID INERSCAPULAR AREA!!!

45
Q
A

Surgery (15 decks)

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