Principles of Research - FORNO

Question 1

High-quality vet services can be given by integrating:

Answer 1

1. Best research evidence
2. Clinical expertise
3. Client perspectives
4. Legislation of the area of practice

= allows to make the best clinical decisions

Question 2

5 A’s involved in EBVM?

Answer 2

1. Ask
2. Acquire
3. Appraise
4. Apply
5. Assess

Question 3

What is a study type determined by?

Answer 3

1. Nature of the question
2. Goal of research
3. Availability of resources

Question 4

Which of the following is the most reliable study type?
A. Blinded study
B. Non blinded study
C. Double blinded study
D. Triple blinded study

Answer 4

D. triple blinded study

Question 5

What is a scoping review?

Answer 5

• maps the body of literature on a topic area and sums up the best available research on a specific topic
• provides overview of available research

Question 6

What is a systematic review?

Answer 6

A systematic review attempts to summarize empirical evidence from a relatively smaller number of studies pertaining to a focused research question

• Methods used to search literature, assess the quality, and make conclusions are stated in the methods section so people can replicate or add to the study
• Relevant to a research question

Question 7

What is a meta-analysis?

Answer 7

Quantitative statistical process of analyzing and COMBINING results from several studies

• Statistical analysis to analyze evidences from studies

Question 8

What is a case control study?

Answer 8

Observational, retrospective study that compares 2 groups: ones with the disease and ones without the disease

Question 9

Which study is ideal for researching rare conditions or diseases?

Answer 9

Case control study

Question 10

What is a cohort study?

Answer 10

Observational, longitudinal, and usually prospective study that observes the causes of disease and investigates the relationship between risk factors and health outcomes

** exposed and unexposed groups followed over a period of time

Question 11

Examples of descriptive studies?

Answer 11

1. Case reports
2. Case series
3. Cross sectional surveys

Question 12

What is an observational study?

Answer 12

observes info without intervention, exposure is naturally decided

For exposure to determine the outcome, the exposure must occur prior to outcome, not during or after

Question 13

intervention vs exposure?

Answer 13

Intervention (experimental) is when the researcher assigns participants to receive a certain treatment

Exposure (Observational) is when the causative variable is naturally determined

Question 14

What makes a study type analytical?

Answer 14

1. Attempts to test hypothesis
2. Assesses the effect of exposure or intervention on an outcome
3. Can be observational or interventional

Question 15

The article reads: Antiparasitic drugs and their efficacies in dogs for parasitic treatment. What kind of study is this?

Answer 15

Experimental, Analytical

Question 16

Is a blinded study experimental or observational?

Answer 16

Experimental

Question 17

What is a prospective study?

Answer 17

Follows cohort over a period of time to determine outcome

Outcome has not occurred when study is started

Question 18

What is a prospective interventional study?

Answer 18

When the investigator determines the exposure and follows them over time to observe outcomes

Question 19

What is a retrospective study?

Answer 19

• Outcome has already occurred
• No follow up of cohort
• Consults data from the past

Question 20

What is a cross sectional study?

Answer 20

• Observational study
• 1 point in time
• Measures outcome and the exposures in study patients at the same time

Question 21

What is a longitudinal study?

Answer 21

1. Observational study
2. Repeated observations over time, continuous or repeated measures
3. individuals followed over prolonged periods of time

Question 22

______ study can be descriptive or analytical

Answer 22

Cross sectional study

Question 23

What is a randomized controlled trial?

Answer 23

1. Prospective
2. Experimental
3. Treatment vs control group
4. Used to assess a treatment or intervention

Question 24

What is a cohort study?

Answer 24

1. Prospective
2. Observational
3. Exposed and unexposed groups followed over a period of time

Question 25

What is a case controlled study?

Answer 25

1. Observational
2. Retrospective
3. Animals with and without the disease of interest
4. Examines history to identify risk factors for the disease

Question 26

What is a cross sectional study?

Answer 26

Studies a population at a single point in time to determine prevalence of diseases

Question 27

What is a case study?

Answer 27

Describes the presentation, diagnosis, treatment and outcome of a group of animals with the same disease

• No disease free case series for comparison

Question 28

Indications for systematic reviews?

Answer 28

1. Uncover international evidence
2. Confirm current practice / identify new practices
3. Identify areas for future research
4. Investigate conflicting results
5. Produce statements to guide decision making

Question 29

Indications for scoping reviews?

Answer 29

1. Precursor to systematic review
2. Analyze knowledge gaps
3. Identify available evidence in a given field
4. Clarify key concepts
5. Examine how research is conducted on a certain topic
6. Identify key characteristics related to a concept

Question 30

What is critically appraised literature?

Answer 30

Shorter, less rigorous than systematic review

Relevant to a focused question

Question 31

When is expert opinion useful?

Answer 31

To provide some evidence where no info is available

Ex: new treatment efficacy to a new population (Elephants, zebras)