Principles of Psychotherapy- Lecture 2 Flashcards
______ collective aggregate of conscious and unconscious factors that influence personality, behavior and attitudes
Psychodynamics
What is another name for psychodynamics?
clinical approach/theory
sees personality as a result of conscious and unconscious factors
______ method of treating mental and emotional disorders based around revealing and investigating the role of unconscious and conscious psychological processes
Psychoanalysis
______ use of verbal methods to influence another person’s mental and emotional state
Psychotherapy
Psychodynamic theory views behavior as the product of an ______
“internal discussion”
According to Freud, most of this internal discussion is ?????
outside of our awareness
What is the Id know as?
the greedy inner child
Primal instincts, basic nature, desires
Seeks gratification or pleasure no matter the cost
According to Freud, most id instincts were sexual because
sex is so critical to human survival
What is the superego known as?
“Quest for Perfection”; “Conscience”
The image of what we want to be
Philosophical and moral ideals
Freud believed children initially used their parents’ standards and eventually developed their own personal superego
What is the Ego known as?
“Grown-up Self”
Reason, self-control, compromise
Balances external constraints, consequences of actions, and desire for gratification
Freud believed most dynamics between id, ego and superego are ______ of conscious awareness
outside
To better understand the psychodynamic theory approach we must tap into the ______
unconscious
Define a mature ego defense mechanisms. Give an example
Strategies to reduce anxiety from thoughts, desires that does not compromise other functioning
screaming into a pillow
Define a primitive ego defense mechanisms
Strategies to reduce anxiety from thoughts, desires that are irrational, immature behavior, and can be dysfunctional
drinking excessive alcohol
Name 11 common ego defense mechanisms
regression
denial
projection
intellectualization
repression
displacement
rationalization
dissociation
reaction formation
suppression
sublimation
______ Retreating to an earlier stage of development
regression
______ Behaving as though things are different than they really are
If severe, can border on delusion
denial
______ Attributing one’s own unacceptable feelings to another person
Can be used as an excuse for one’s own feelings
projection
______ Focusing on minor, often unimportant details of a situation rather than addressing the main, central conflict
intellectualization
_____ Placing disagreeable or unacceptable thoughts in the subconscious mind rather than dealing with them
repression
_____ Expressing feelings or impulses toward one person or group onto another person, group or object that is less threatening
displacement
_______ Reinterpreting an event by cognitively distorting the facts
Making excuses or “lying to ourselves”
rationalization
_____ Disconnecting from a stressful situation by pursuing an alternative reality
May be associated with a “fantasy world,” daydreaming, dissociative d/o
dissociation
______ Person goes beyond denial; acts opposite to what they think or feel
May occur if a person feels two conflicting emotions (e.g., love and hate) close together
reaction formation
_____ Similar to repression, but thoughts are put into subconscious intentionally and usually are dealt with at a future date
Considered a mature and effective defense
Suppression
____ Channelling unacceptable impulses into socially appropriate activities, allowing one to use the energy in better ways
Considered a mature and effective defense
sublimation
What 2 common ego defense mechanisms are considered mature and effective defense?
suppression and sublimation
____ Adapted Freudian Psychology to reflect a greater range of actions by the ego
ego psychology
Name 6 expanded range of ego functioning
reality testing
impulse control
affect regulation
judgement
synthetic functioning
defense mechanisms
Which kind of expanded range ego functioning, ________ distinguish what is happening in one’s own mind from what is going on in the outside world
Reality testing
Which kind of expanded range ego functioning, ________ Manage impulses without immediate discharge through behavior or symptoms
impulse control
Which kind of expanded range ego functioning, ________ modulating feelings without being overwhelmed
affect regulation
Which kind of expanded range ego functioning, ________ acting responsibly
Identifying potential courses of actions, anticipating and evaluating consequences, deciding on course of action
judgement
Which kind of expanded range ego functioning, ________ organizing and unifying other functions within the personality
synthetic functioning
_____ Based off the premise that humans are shaped in relation to the significant others surrounding them
object relations psychology
According to self psychology, a person believes that someone’s self is derived from the perception of their ?????
identity, personal awareness, and personal experiences, including self-esteem
What kind of psychology believes that there is a level of “healthy narcissism” that people should have
self psychology
Name 3 strengths of the psychodynamic theory
-Focuses on how past can influence present behavior
-Acknowledges the impact of the subconscious
-Therapy does seem to help many patients
Name 4 weakness of the psychodynamic theory
-Ignores biological components
-Depends on therapist interpretation
-Can focus too much on the past, under-emphasizing the present
-Not scientifically proven
_____ Belief that human beings are basically good and, if allowed to develop normally, will mature into emotionally healthy adults.
humanistic perspective
According to the humanistic perspective, _____ happens due to failure of caregivers
psychopathology
According to the humanistic perspective you need ______ in order to have emotionally healthy adults
nurturing environment
What is the goal of client centered therapy? How does someone go about achieving this?
self- actualization
through unconditional supportive positive regard, No attempt to “decode” patient’s mind or tell the patient what to do - instead encourage them to find their own solution
What does the behaviorist perspective teach?
Belief that behavior is determined by the environment
What is the term for people are born as a blank slate and behaviors that are develop are the result of external stimuli
tabula rasa
According to the behaviorist perspective, what is the goal of therapy?
to alter offensive stimuli or recondition oneself to constructive behaviors
according to the behaviorist perspective, how are new behaviors learned?
through means such as classical conditioning or operant conditioning
according to the behaviorist perspective, what are the inputs? and outputs?
input: gathered information
output: observed behavior
______ states that thoughts, feelings and behaviors are all connected
Difficulty can be addressed by identifying and changing problematic thinking, behavior and emotional responses
cognitive theory
_______ looks at people’s learned behaviors and how the environment has an impact on those behaviors
Difficulty can be addressed by modifying our stimuli or our learned responses to stimuli
behavioral theory
______ Thoughts triggered by the day’s events
Many forms - Commentaries on actions, memories, circumstance-related thoughts
automatic thoughts
______ Distorted assumptions that people hold about the world and themselves without being aware of them
irrational assumptions
Name 6 errors in logic. What perspective are they apart of?
arbitrary interence
selective abstraction
personalization
overgeneralization
magnification
minimization
cognitive-behavioral perspective
Errors in logic, _________ drawing unwarranted conclusions on the basis of little or no evidence
arbitrary inference
Errors in logic, _________ drawing conclusions on the basis of a single piece of data while ignoring contradictory data
selective abstraction
Errors in logic, _________ taking the blame for something that clearly is not one’s fault
personalization
Errors in logic, _________ drawing a general conclusion on the basis of a single, sometimes insignificant event
overgeneralization
Errors in logic, _________ overestimating importance of (usually negative) events
magnification
Errors in logic, _________ underestimating importance of (usually positive) events
minimization
What is the cognitive-behavioral perspective’s goal of therapy?
To discover these processes through a therapeutic relationship and allow the patient to become aware of the maladaptive cognition and challenge it
Describe Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
A response that occurs naturally in response to one stimulus will eventually occur in response to an unrelated stimulus, if the two stimuli occur together consistently.
classical conditioning
The stronger the unconditioned response (UR), the ____ the learning occurs!
faster
______ Occurs when stimuli that have
not been conditioned produce the same response as the CS because they are physically or functionally similar to the original CS
generalization
______ The process of “unlearning” a conditioned response so that the CS no longer produces the CR
extinction
______ Learning occurs as a result of positive or negative repercussions to our actions.
operant conditioning
_____ Stimulus increases the probability of the behavior occurring in the future
positive reinforcement
_____ Removal of already present aversive stimulus increases the probability of the behavior occurring in the future
negative reinforcement
_____ Application of aversive stimulus after a behavior decreases the behavior
punishment
_____ Removing a positive reinforcer decreases the behavior
response cost
_____ Stimuli that signal the availability of reinforcement
discriminative stimuli
____ Occurs when behavior is no longer reinforced
Rate depends on history of reinforcement
extinction
continuous reinforcement leads to (rapid/slower) extinction
rapid
intermittent reinforcement leads to (rapid/slower) extinction
slower
_____ Instrumental behavior to get a stimulus has no usefulness itself but has been associated with a significant stimulus
secondary reward conditioning
_____ Response to a cue is instrumental in avoiding a painful or otherwise harmful or negative experience
avoidance conditioning
______ decrease in response to a stimulus after repeated exposures to the stimulus
habituation
More frequent exposures = ??
more rapid habituation
very strong stimuli result in _____ habituation
slower habituation
