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General Physiology > Principles of Physiology > Flashcards

Principles of Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

the study of the biological functions of organs and their inter-relationships

A

Physiology

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2
Q

studies interplay of factors that affect __

A

growth

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3
Q

___ of each aspect of the body.

A

Connectedness

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4
Q

Physiology is an_____

A

Integrating Science

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5
Q

brings together everything known about an animal’s function to create an integral picture of how an animal operates in its environment

A

Integrative Science

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6
Q

Physiologist

A

-study the structure and function of the various parts of animals and plants
-design experiments

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7
Q

hallmark of physiology

A

Diversity

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8
Q

meeting the demands of survival has resulted in ____ on the basic theme of life.

A

numerous evolutionary variations

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9
Q

Unifying themes of physiological processes

A

obey physical and chemicals laws
• regulated to maintain internal conditions and trigger an appropriate response
• physiological state of an animal is part of its phenotype, or genotype

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10
Q

arises as the product of the genetic make-up

A

genotype

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11
Q

physiological state of an animal is part of its

A

phenotype

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12
Q

Subdisciplines of Physiology

A

Comparative Physiology
Environmental Physiology
Evolutionary Physiology
Developmental Physiology
Cell Physiology

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13
Q

species are compared in order to discern physiological and environmental patterns

A

Comparative Physiology

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14
Q

examines organisms in the context of the environments they inhabit (evolutionary adaptations)

A

Environmental Physiology

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15
Q

techniques of evolutionary biology and systematics are used to understand the evolution of organisms from physiological viewpoint, focusing on physiological markers rather than anatomic markers

A

Evolutionary Physiology

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16
Q

vital information on the physiology of the cells themselves, which can be used to understand the physiological responses of tissues, organs, and organ System

A

Cell Physiology

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17
Q

central themes of Physiology

A

Structure/Function RelationshipAdaptation,
Acclimatization, and Acclimation
Homeostasis

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18
Q

Form fits function at all the levels of life, from molecules to organisms

A

Structure/Function Relationship

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19
Q

Function is based on___

A

Structure

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20
Q

Biological function at each level of Organization

A

Organisms → organs system → organ → tissue → cellular → Macromolecular → molecular

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21
Q

biological function at each level of organization depends on the _____.

A

structure of that level and the levels below

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22
Q

Physiology of an organism is very well matched to the environment it occupies, thereby ensuring its survival

A

Adaptation, Acclimatization, and Acclimation

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23
Q

evolution through natural selection leading to an organism whose physiology, anatomy, and behavior are matched to the demands of its environment

A

Adaptation

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24
Q

Adaptation

A

generally irreversible

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25
Q

physiological process is __

A

Adaptive

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26
Q

present at high frequency in the population because it results in a higher probability of survival and reproduction than alternative processes.

A

physiological process is adaptive

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27
Q

genetically based, passed on from generation to generation (DNA) and constantly shaped and maintained by natural selection

A

physiological and anatomic adaptations

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28
Q

a physiological, biochemical, or anatomic change within an individual animal during its life that results from an animal’s chronic exposure in its native habitat to new, naturally occurring environmental condition

A

Acclimatization

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29
Q

refers to the same process as acclimatization when the changes are induced experimentally in the laboratory or in the wild by an investigator

A

Acclimation

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30
Q

both are reversible

A

Acclimation
Acclimatization

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31
Q

The tendency of organisms to regulate and maintain relative internal stability

A

homeostasis

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32
Q

French pioneer of modern physiology

A

Claude Bernard 1872

33
Q

The milieu interieur

A

Constancy of the internal environment is the condition of free life

34
Q

the ability of animals to survive in often stressful and varying environments directly reflects their ability to maintain a stable internal
environment.

A

Claude Bernard

35
Q

extended notion of internal consistency to the organization and function of cells, tissues and organs

A

Walter B. Cannon (1871-1945)

36
Q

Walter B. Cannon (1871-1945)

A

“Homeostasis” – tendency towards internal stability (1929 – Nobel Price)

37
Q

Homeostasis- definitions

A

Dynamic equilibrium
In spite of multiple stimuli
Maintained by negative feedback

38
Q

Homeostasis is the ability to maintain a relatively ___ in an ever-changing outside world

A

stable internal environment

39
Q

The internal environment of the body is in a ___

A

dynamic state of equilibrium

40
Q

factors interact to maintain homeostasis

A

Chemical, thermal, and neural

41
Q

The body functions within relatively ___,All body systems contribute to its ____

A

narrow limits
maintenance

42
Q

Regulation of homeostasis is accomplished through the ___ and ___ systems

A

nervous
endocrine

43
Q

Control of Blood Glucose

A

Insulin and Glucagon

44
Q

are antagonistic hormones that help maintain glucose homeostasis

A

Insulin and Glucagon

45
Q

_____ has clusters of endocrine cells called ____ with alpha cells that produce glucagon and beta cells that produce insulin

A

pancreas
islets of Langerhans

46
Q

diabetes mellitus

A

Hypoinsulinism

47
Q

hereditary factors and obesity play a role in its development

A

Hypoinsulinism: diabetes mellitus

48
Q

Hypoinsulinism: diabetes mellitus Symptoms

A

excessive urination and excessive thirst

49
Q

if severe:

A

fat substitutes for glucose as major fuel source → production of acidic metabolites → life threatening lowering of blood pH

50
Q

insulin-dependent diabetes

A

Type I diabetes mellitus

51
Q

Type I diabetes mellitus

A

autoimmune disorder
usually appears in childhood
treatment: insulin injections

52
Q

non-insulin-dependent diabetes

A

Type II diabetes mellitus

53
Q

Type II diabetes mellitus

A

usually due to target cells having a decreased responsiveness to insulin
usually occurs after age 40 – risk increases with age
accounts for over 90% of diabetes cases

54
Q

is a disorder that results in excess growth of certain parts of the human body. It is caused by excess growth hormone after the growth plates have closed.

A

Acromegaly

55
Q

animals that can survive large fluctuations in external osmolarity

A

Euryhaline

56
Q

Some aquatic invertebrates in temporary ponds lose almost all their body water and survive in a dormant state

A

anhydrobiosis

57
Q

Basic components of homeostatic Control System

A

Receptor
Control Center
Effector

58
Q

detects changes (stimuli) in the body.

A

Receptor

59
Q

determines a set point for a normal range.

A

Control Center

60
Q

causes the response determined by the control center.

A

Effector

61
Q

regulatory processes that maintain homeostasis in the cells and multicellular organisms depend on ___

A

feedback

62
Q

return of information to a controller that regulates a controlled variable

A

feedback

63
Q

occurs when sensory information about a particular variable (e.g. temperature, pH, salinity) is used to control processes in the cells, tissues, and organs that influence the internal level of that variable

A

feedback

64
Q

A regulatory mechanism in which a change in a controlled variable triggers a response that opposes the change

A

Negative feedback

65
Q

A negative feedback mechanism ____ the intensity of the stimulus or eliminates it

A

decreases

66
Q

causes the system to change in the opposite direction from the stimulus

A

The negative feedback mechanism

67
Q

Most homeostatic control mechanisms are ___

A

negative feedback mechanisms

68
Q

In negative feedback systems

A

the output shuts off or somehow alleviates the original stimulus

69
Q

a loop in which the response reduces the initial stimulus

A

negative feedback mechanisms

70
Q

enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus so that activity is accelerated

A

A positive feedback mechanism

71
Q

is considered positive because it results in change occurring in the ___.

A

same direction as the original stimulus

72
Q

Positive feedback mechanisms usually control ___ such as blood clotting or childbirth

A

infrequent events

73
Q

Does not maintain homeostasis . It is characterized by being short in duration, and infrequent.

A

Positive Feedback

74
Q

when an organism is confronted with changes in its environment (e.g. changes in oxygen availability or salinity), it can respond in one or two ways:

A

conformity or regulation

75
Q

environmental challenges induce internal body changes that simply parallel the external conditions (unable to maintain homeostasis)

A

Conformers

76
Q

biochemical, physiological, behavioral, and other mechanisms to regulate their internal environment over a broad range of external environmental changes (maintain homeostasis)

A

Regulators

77
Q

maintain ion concentrations of body fluids above environmental levels when placed in dilute water vice versa

A

Osmoregulators

78
Q

is based largely on controlled movement of solutes between internal fluids and the external environment

A

Osmoregulation

79
Q

is based largely on controlled movement of solutes between internal fluids and the external environment

A

Osmoregulation

General Physiology (5 decks)

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