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General Physiology > Chemical Signals in Animals > Flashcards

Chemical Signals in Animals Flashcards

1
Q

conveys high-speed electrical signals along specialized cells called neurons; these signals regulate other cells

A

Nervous System

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2
Q

secretes hormones that coordinate slower but longer-acting
responses including reproduction, development, energy metabolism, growth, and behavior

A

Endocrine System

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3
Q

are chemical signals that are secreted into the circulatory system and communicate regulatory messages within the body

A

Hormones

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4
Q

reach all parts of the body, but only target cells are equipped to respond

A

Hormones

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5
Q

secrete chemicals into ducts and the effect is where the duct empties; sweat glands

A

Exocrine glands

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6
Q

secrete chemical messengers (hormones) into the blood for distribution throughout the animal’s body and bind to specific hormone receptors.

A

Endocrine glands

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7
Q

In humans, our development is regulated by various ____

A

signaling pathways

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8
Q

These signaling pathways are activated by _____.

A

specific chemical signaling molecules

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9
Q

Hormones and other signaling molecules bind to ____, triggering specific response pathways

A

target receptors

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10
Q

___ bind to receptor proteins on target cells

A

Chemical signals

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11
Q

Only ____ respond to the signal

A

target cells

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12
Q

Intercellular Communication

A

Endocrine Signaling
Paracrine Signaling
Direct Signaling

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13
Q

Endocrine Signaling

A

Neuroendocrine Signaling

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14
Q

Paracrine Signaling

A

1.Autocrine Signaling
2.Synaptic Signaling

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15
Q

secreted molecules diffuse into the bloodstream and trigger responses in target cells anywhere in the body. Relatively slow.

A

Endocrine Signaling

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16
Q

neurohormones diffuse into the bloodstream and trigger responses

A

Neuroendocrine signaling

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17
Q

secreted molecules diffuse locally and trigger a response in neighboring cells. Quick response.

A

Paracrine Signaling

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18
Q

secreted molecules diffuse locally and trigger a response in the cells that secrete them

A

Autocrine Signling

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19
Q

neurotransmitters diffuse across synapses and trigger responses in cells of target tissues

A

Synaptic /Neuronal Signaling

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20
Q

for some signals to be received, the cells must be in direct contact. Either via interacting membrane proteins on two different cells, or through special cell-cell junctions.

A

Direct Signaling

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21
Q

Types of Secreted Signaling Molecules

A

Local Regulators
Nerotransmitters
Neurohormones
Pheromones
Hormones

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22
Q

chemical signals that travel over short distances by diffusion

A

Local Regulators

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23
Q

help regulate blood pressure, nervous system function, and reproduction

A

Local Regulators

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24
Q

Local Regulators divided in two types

A

Paracrine
Autocrine

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25
Q

signals act on cells near the secreting cell

A

Paracrine

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26
Q

signals act on the secreting cell itself

A

Autocrine

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27
Q

proteins and polypeptides that stimulate cell proliferation

A

Growth Factors

28
Q

play a role in immune responses

A

Cytokines

29
Q

Nitric oxide (NO)

A

-acts as a neurotransmitter when secreted by neurons
-kills bacteria and cancer cells when secreted by WBCs
-dilates the walls of blood vessels when secreted by endothelial cells

30
Q

enhances the effect of NO by inhibiting phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5), which is responsible for the degradation of cGMP in the corpus cavernosum

A

Sildenafil (Viagra)

31
Q

Prostaglandins (PGs)

A

-modified fatty acids
-secreted by the placenta stimulate uterine contractions during childbirth
-promote fever and inflammation and intensify the sensation of pain
-regulate aggregation of platelets (early step in blood clot formation)

32
Q

Signaling Molecules: Neurotransmitters

A

-secreted by neurons at many synapses
-diffuse a very short distance
-bind receptors on target cells
-play a role in sensation, memory, cognition, and movement
- Acetylcholine (ACh) – muscle contraction

33
Q

Signaling Molecules: Neurohormones

A

-secreted by neurosecretory cells
-diffuse from nerve cell endings into the bloodstream
-ADH (vasopressin) – increases water permeability of kidney’s collecting ducts and causes vasoconstriction (ADH)

34
Q

secreted by neurons at many synapses

A

Signaling Molecules: Neurotransmitters

35
Q

secreted by neurosecretory cells

A

Signaling Molecules: Neurohormones

36
Q

chemical signals that are released from the body and used to communicate with other individuals in the species

A

Signaling Molecules: Pheromones

37
Q

Pheromones

A

o mark trails leading to food
o defining territories
o warning of predators
o attracting potential mates

38
Q

chemicals that transfer information and instructions between cells in animals and plants

A

Signaling Molecules: Hormones

39
Q

Hormones

A

o body’s chemical messengers
o regulate growth and development
o control the function of various tissues
o support reproductive functions
o regulate metabolism
o slow acting but long lasting

40
Q

loop inhibits a response by reducing the initial stimulus, thus preventing excessive pathway activity

A

Negative Feedback

41
Q

reinforces a stimulus to produce an even greater response

A

Positive Feedback

42
Q

The same hormone may have different effects on target cells that have

A

o Different receptors for the hormone
o Different signal transduction pathways
o Different proteins for carrying out the response

43
Q

A hormone can also have ______ in different species

A

different effects

44
Q

Different ______ in different cells can lead to different responses to the same signal

A

signal-transduction pathways

45
Q

Three major classes of molecules function as hormones in vertebrates:

A

o Polypeptides (proteins and peptides)
o Amines derived from amino acids
o Steroid hormones

46
Q

water-soluble

A

polypeptides and amines

47
Q

lipid-soluble

A

steroid hormones and other largely non-polar hormones

48
Q

_____ hormones are secreted by exocytosis, travel freely in the bloodstream, and bind to cell-surface receptors

A

Water-soluble

49
Q

They bind to receptors in the plasma membranes of the target cells

A

Water-soluble

50
Q

has multiple effects in mediating the body’s response to short-term stress

A

epinephrine

51
Q

binds to receptors on the plasma membrane of liver cells

A

epinephrine

52
Q

triggers the release of messenger molecules that activate enzymes and result in the release of glucose into the bloodstream

A

epinephrine

53
Q

____ hormones diffuse across cell membranes, travel in the bloodstream bound to transport proteins, and diffuse through the membrane of target cells

A

Lipid-soluble

54
Q

They bind to receptors in the cytoplasm or nucleus of the target cells

A

Lipid-soluble

55
Q

response is usually a change in gene expression

A

Steroid Hormones

56
Q

_____ binds to its cytosolic receptor, a hormone-receptor complex forms that moves into the nucleus

A

steroid hormone

57
Q

receptor part of the complex acts as a ____ of specific target genes

A

transcriptional regulator

58
Q

Signaling by any of these hormones involves three key events:

A

oReception
oSignal transduction
oResponse

59
Q

detection of a signal in the environment

A

reception

60
Q

activating a series of proteins inside the cell

A

Signal Transduction

61
Q

change in behavior that occurs inside the cell

A

Response

62
Q

It is the multiplication of enzymes after signal tranduction

A

Amplification

63
Q

Chemical Messengers

A

Hormones

64
Q

Two factors influencing the hormone concentrations in the blood:

A
  1. rate of hormone secretion into the blood
    2.Rate of removal of the hormone from the blood.
65
Q

Clearance of hormones from the plasma include:

A
  1. Metabolic Reaction
  2. Binding with the tissues
    3.excretion by the liver into the bile.
    4.Excretion by the kidney into the urine

General Physiology (5 decks)

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