Principles of pharmacodynamics

Question 1

Ligands are of two categories?

Answer 1

1. Agonists

2. Antagonists

Question 2

Types of agonists?

Answer 2

1. Full agonist
2. Partial agonists
3. Biased agonists

Question 3

Site of action of hypnotic drugs ?

Answer 3

1. Action on GABA (A) receptors

2. Made of 2-alpha, 2-beta and 1-gamma subunits

Question 4

Drugs acting on GABA receptors?

Answer 4

1. Thiopental
2. Propofol (Beta-subunit)
3. Etomidate
4. Benzodiazepine (Alpha-subunit)
5. Halogenated volatiles (Alpha-subunit)

Question 5

Action on NMDA receptors?

Answer 5

1. • Opioid (Excitatory)
2. • Ketamine (Inhibitors)
3. • N2O (inhibitors)

Question 6

Ligands of NMDA receptors ?

Answer 6

1. Glutamate (Excitatory)

2. Glycine ( Excitatory)

Question 7

EEG?

Answer 7

1. Analysed by spectral analysis

Question 8

Opioids?

Answer 8

There are 4 opioid receptors

• Delta - Ligands are Endorphins and enkephalins
• Kappa - Ligands are Dynorphin A & B, alpha-neo-endorphins
• Mu - M1, M2 and M3

Question 9

MOP receptors?

Answer 9

1. No affinity for Naloxone
2. It has its own specific antagonist
3. Non-opioid branch of the opioid receptor