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EDAIC Online course (BCSAC 2021) > Physics > Flashcards

Physics Flashcards

1
Q

The SI units ?

A
  1. Seconds: Time
  2. Meter: Distance
  3. Mole: Amount of substance
  4. Ampere: Current
  5. Candela: Luminous intensity
  6. Kilo: Mass
  7. Kelvin: Unit of thermodynamics
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2
Q

Derived units ?

A
  1. Force: Newton
  2. Pressure: Pascal
  3. Energy: Joule
  4. Power: Watt
  5. Frequency: Hertz
  6. Volume: Cubic meter and Litre
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3
Q

Force?

A

That which changes the state of rest or motion of an object, a push or pull of an onject.

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4
Q

Newtons second law?

A

F = MxA

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5
Q

Force of gravity ?

A

9.81 ms-2

Thus

1kg = 9.81N (or 1N = 102g)

Cricoid force = 30-40 Newtons or 3-4kg

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6
Q

Pressure?

A

1 Pascal is a pressure of 1N in 1m-2 (102g/m-2)

The surface area is important

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7
Q

Pressure equivalents ?

A
  1. 1 Atm = 101325 Pa
  2. 1 Atm = 101.325 kPa (100 kPa)
  3. 1 Atm = 1 Bar
  4. 1 Atm = 760 mmHg
  5. 1 Atm = 760 Torr
  6. 1 Atm = 1020 cmH2O
  7. 1 Atm = 14.5 lb/inch-2 (PSI)
  8. 1 Torr = 1 mmHg
  9. 1 kPa = 7.5 mmHg
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8
Q

Absolute pressure ?

A

Absolute = Guage (137) + Atmospheric pressure (1)

Guage pressure = 137 bar
Absolute pressure = 138 bar

Arterial pressure = guage pressure.

E.g; A-line transducer or BP measurement

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9
Q

Flow ?

A
  1. Laminar

2. Turbulent

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10
Q

Laminar flow?

A
  1. x2 faster at the centre
  2. No flow near edges
  3. Low velocity
  4. Represented by the Hagen-poiseuille equation
  5. Re = < 2000
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11
Q

Hagen-poiseuille equation?

A

Q = Ppi r-4/8nl

P = Pressure change

Pi = pi

r-4 = Radius

n = Viscosity

l = Length

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12
Q

Turbulent flow?

A
  1. Constriction resulting in increased velocity
  2. Higher resistance
  3. Re = > 2000
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13
Q

Reynolds > 4000 ?

A
  1. Increased velocity
  2. Increased characteristic dimension
  3. Increased density
  4. . Decreased viscosity
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14
Q

Reynolds? Turbulent flow

A

If viscosity is increased then turbulent flow becomes laminar.

p = Density V = Velocity D = Diameter u = Viscosity

p.v.D/u

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15
Q

Helium in bronchospasm?

A

Helium increases viscosity thus making flow laminar

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16
Q

Tension?

A
  1. LaPlace law
  2. Cylinders = P=T/r
  3. Spheres = P=2T/r
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17
Q

Tension?

A
  1. As diamter becomes smaller, collapsing pressure becomes greater
  2. Without surfactant the small alveoli collapse and empty into the bigger ones
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18
Q

Bernoulli principle?

A
  1. Fluid velocity increases as it passes through a constriction and its static pressure must decrease (conservation of energy)
  2. Fluid pressure is inversely proportional to its velocity
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19
Q

Venturi effect - Extension of the bernoulli principle?

A
  1. Constrictiion, increased velocity and decreased pressure

2. Used in nebulizer masks and atomizers

20
Q

Coanda effect ?

A
  1. Tendency of a fluid to be attracted to a nearby surface

2. This is why ETT has murphy eye

21
Q

Boyles law?

A

For a given mass at a constant temperature, the pressure times volume is constant

22
Q

Application of Boyle’s law? Calculation of cylinder content

A

P1.V1 = P2.V2

P1 = Guage pressure of cylinder

V1 = Physical volume of cylinder

P2 = Atmospheric pressure

V2 = Actual amount of gas in cylinder

137 bar x 3L = 1 x V2 = 411L

23
Q

Cylinder content ?

A
  1. CO2 & N2O are liquified under pressure and content by weight
  2. Air, O2, He, Heliox, Entonox - Pressure is proportional to volume. Content measured by guage pressure
24
Q

Charles law?

A

For a given mass at constant pressure the volume is directly proportional to the temperaure.

25
Q

Charles law - Application?

A

V1/T1 = V2/T2

or

V1.T2 =V2.T1

Gases expand when heated and become less dense –> Convection

26
Q

Gay-Lussac’s law ?

A

At constant volume, the absolute pressure of a mass of gas varies directly with the absolute temperature.

27
Q

Gay-Lussac’s law - Clinical application?

A

P1/T1 = P2/T2

or

P1.T2 = P2.T1

28
Q

Filling ratio? - Clinical application of Gay-Lussac’s law

A

This is the weight of fluid in the cylinder divided by the weight of water required to fill the cylinder.

Cold countries 0.75
Tropics 0.67

29
Q

Universal gas law ?

A

PV = nRT

n = number of moles

30
Q

S.T.P?

A

Standard temperature = 0 degrees or 273 K

Standard pressure = 1 Atm

31
Q

Avogadro’s Hypothesis?

A

Equal volumes of gases at the same temperature and pressure contain equal number of molecules

Mole: Is the quantity of a substance containing the same number of particles as there are atoms in 0.012kg fof carbon ( 6.022 x 10-23)

One mole of any gas at STP occupies 22.4L

32
Q

Dalton’s law of partial pressure?

A

The total pressure of a mixture of gases equals the sum of the partial pressure of the individual gases

33
Q

Critical temperature?

A

Temperature above which a substance cannot be liquified no matter how much pressure is applied

Above critical temperature the sunstance can only exist as a gas.

Below critical temperature, the substance can be a vapor or liquid

Oxygen = -119 CO2= 31 N2O = 36.5

34
Q

Critical pressure?

A

The pressure needed to liquify a gas at its critical temperature.

Oxygen = 50 bar / CO2 = 73 bar / N2O = 72 bar

35
Q

Critical volume?

A

The volume occupied by 1 mole of gas at critical temperature and pressure

36
Q

Tripple point of water?

A

The temperature and pressure in which water can co-exist in equilibrium in 3 phases .

0.01 degrees and 0.006 Atm

37
Q

Solubility and Henry’s law?

A

At constant temperature, the amount of a given gas that dissolves in a volume of liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas in equilibrium with that liquid.

More molecules are soluble at higher pressures.

Solubility decreases at higher temperatures.

38
Q

Application of Henry’s law ?

A

Divers disease - They must descend and ascend slowly to avoid supersaturation or decompression

39
Q

Partition coefficient?

A
  • Ratio of the amount of a substance present in one phase as compared to the other.
  • Measure of the difference in solubilites between two phases
  • Tension is used for dissolved gases in solution
40
Q

Blood-Gas partition coefficient ?

A
  • Describes solubilities of inhaled anaesthetics in blood
  • B/G coefficient is inversely related to the induction rate
  • Faster onset and off-set the lower the B/G partition coefficient
41
Q

Diffusion ?

A
  • Movement from high concentration to low concentration. Passive process driven by gradient and no energy required.
42
Q

Definition of Fick’s law?

A

Rate of diffusion is equal to the concentration gradient x Surface area x diffusion coefficient divided by membrane thickness.

Potassium is 30x more soluble than sodium

Proportional to solubility

Proportional to concentration gradient

Proportional to area

Inversely proportional to tissue thickness

Inversely proportional to square root of molecular weight

43
Q

Raoult’s law?

A

When a solute is added the chemical potential of a solvent molecule is lowered.

There is lowering of the vapor pressure and freezing point

There is a raise of osmotic pressure and boiling point

44
Q

Osmometer ?

A

Measures osmolality of a solution using either reduction in vapor pressure or depression of freezing point.

45
Q

Wheatstone bridge?

A

An electrical circuit used to measure the unknown resistance.

Used to measure - Capacitance, inductance and impedence

EDAIC Online course (BCSAC 2021) (35 decks)

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