Principles of Microbial Control Flashcards
11/18 slides done
1
Q
Infectious agents of animals can be transmitted, not only by direct contact but
also via?
A
environmental contamination of inanimate objects
2
Q
These are required for prevention of infectious disease spread.
A
Effective control measures
3
Q
Examples of Effective Control Measures
A
- Vaccination
- Chemotherapy and chemoprophylaxis
- Disinfection and sterilization
4
Q
The most preferred method for prevention of infectious disease spread.
A
Vaccination
5
Q
Method (s) that can be applied selectively for prevention of infectious disease spread.
A
Chemotherapy
Chemoprophylaxis
6
Q
These are among the important elements to prevent microbial contamination, depending on the etiological agent.
A
Disinfection
Sterilization
7
Q
These are common procedures applied for microbial control.
A
- Sterilization
- Disinfection
8
Q
It is required for surgical and laboratory instruments
A
Sterilization
9
Q
It is required for kennels, laboratories and infected premises as well as farms.
A
Disinfection
10
Q
It is the process whereby all viable microorganisms are eliminated or destroyed, including microbial spores.
A
Sterilization
11
Q
It involves the destruction or significant reduction of pathogenic organisms associated with inanimate objects or surfaces, by chemical or physical methods.
A
Disinfection
12
Q
It involves the inactivation and destruction of chemical means of microbes usually directly associated with an animal or tissue.
A
Antisepsis
13
Q
These are used interchangeably.
A
Disinfectants or antiseptics
14
Q
Inhibition of growth and reversible
A
Bacteriostatic
15
Q
It causes the death of microorganisms, and it is irreversible.
A
Bactericidal
16
Q
Physical Methods (completely free of microorganisms) in killing bacteria
A
- Boiling
- Steam under pressure
- Steam
- Pasteurization
- Ultraviolet Light
- Ionizing Radiation
- Filtration
- Microwave
17
Q
It’s a method that required to be get the temperature up to 100 degrees Celsius to kill the vegetative form and spores.
It should also last for 5 minutes.
A
Boiling
18
Q
Physical method that kills vegetative form and spores for five minutes.
A
Boiling
19
Q
How many minutes does Boiling require to kill vegetative forms and spores?
A
5 minutes
20
Q
It is also termed as “autoclaving”
A
Steam under pressure
21
Q
The other term for steam under pressure.
A
Autoclaving
22
Q
In this method, the temperature should go up to 121 degrees Celsius by applying pressure for 15 minutes.
A
Steam under pressure
23
Q
In steam under pressure or autoclaving method, what should be the temperature and how long should the method last?
A
121 degrees Celsius
15 minutes
24
Q
It is another term for “Tyndallization”
A
Steaming
25
The other term for Steaming
"Tyndallization"
26
In this method, 100 degrees Celsius steam is applied for 1 hour and 3 days.
Steaming / Tyndallization
27
The temperature that steaming / Tyndallization must go through to steam.
100 degrees Celsius
28
It is referred to heating of milk and liquid products as well as other packaged and non-packaged products.
Pasteurization
29
How long should Tyndallization/ steaming take place?
1 hour and 3 days
30
Its temperature is mild and less than 100 degrees Celsius
Pasteurization
31
What is the temperature for Pasteurization?
less than 100 degrees Celsius
32
It is defined as low energy radiation.
Ultraviolet light
33
It is equivalent to 2500 A wl
Ultraviolet light
34
It interferes with the base pairing of DNA
Ultraviolet light
35
X, Gamma rays, that damage DNA
Ionizing radiation
36
It removes bacteria of pore size 0.45 micrometer
Filtration
37
The pore size of bacteria that Filtration removes.
0.45 micrometer
38
It generates heat that kills the bacteria
Microwave
39
More selective Chemical methods to kill bacteria
1. Disinfectants
2. Salts
3. Alkaline agents
4. Hydrogen peroxide
5. Detergents
40
It removes majority of infectious agents
Disinfectants
41
Examples of Disinfectants
- Alcohol
- Phenolics
- Quaternary ammonium compounds
- Oxidizing agents
- Halogens
42
These are organic mercury compounds such as mercuro-chrome and thimerosal, that are less toxic than other mercuric compounds
Salts
43
Examples of organic mercury compounds (salts)
- Mercuro-chrome
- Thimerosal
44
Which are more toxic? Organic mercury compounds or other mercury compounds?
Other mercury compounds
45
These are solutions used in veterinary medicine for disinfecting stables and premises.
Lye (sodium hydroxide) solutions
46
Lye (sodium hydroxide) solutions is an example of what chemical method?
Usage of Alkaline agents
47
This method include Lye (sodium hydroxide) solutions for disinfecting stables and premises.
Alkaline agents
48
It is used for cleaning and disinfecting wounds.
Hydrogen peroxide
49
The percentage of the hydrogen peroxide aqueous solution for cleaning and disinfecting wounds.
3%
50
It acts on bacterial cell membrane.
Detergents
51
Examples of detergents include
- Cationic detergents
- Anionic detergents
- Aldehydes
52
Examples of Common Disinfectants
1. Aldehydes
2. Hypochlorites
3. Alcohols
4. Phenolics
5. Iodophors
6. Quaternary ammonium compounds
7. Alkalis
8. Acids
9. Biguanides
10. Oxidizing agents
53
Example of Aldehyde disinfectants
- Formaldehyde
- Glutaraldehyde
54
Example of Hypochlorite Disinfectants
- Sodium hypochlorite
55
Example of Alcohol disinfectant
70% aqueous solution
56
Example of Phenolics Disinfectant
- TekTrol
- One Stroke Environ
- Pine-Sol
57
Example of Iodophors disinfectants
Povidone-iodine
58
Example of Quaternary ammonium compounds
- Roccal
- DiQuat
59
Example of Alkalis Disinfectants
- Sodium hydroxide
- Calcium oxide
- Ammonium hydroxide
60
Example of Biguanides Disinfectant
Chlorhexidine
61
Example of Acidic Disinfectants
- Acetic acid
- Citric acid
62
Example of Oxidizing agents
- Hydrogen peroxide
- Virkon S
63
Activity level is intermediate to high level disinfection. Sterilization at prolonged contact times.
Aldehydes
64
Activity level is intermediate to high-level disinfection.
- Aldehydes
- Hypochlorites
- Alkalis
- Oxidizing agents
65
Activity level is Intermediate-level disinfection
Alcohols
66
Activity level is Low or intermediate-level disinfection
- Phenolics
- Iodophors
- Biguanides
67
Activity Level is Low-Level disinfection
- Quaternary ammonium compounds
- Acids
68
Classification of Bacteria Resistance
- Susceptible (low-level disinfectant)
- Resistant (Intermediate level disinfectant)
- Highly Resistant
- Extremely Resistant
69
Susceptible (low-level disinfectant) types of bacteria
- Enveloped viruses
- Mycoplasmas
- Gram Positive Bacteria
- Gram Negative Bacteria
- Yeasts
- Fungi
- Rickettsiae
- Chlamydia
70
Resistant (intermediate level disinfectant) types of bacteria
- Fungal Spores
- Non-Enveloped Viruses
- Mycobacteria
- Acid Fast bacteria
71
Highly Resistant Types of Bacteria
Bacterial Spores
72
Extremely Resistant Bacteria
Prions
73
It means low-level disinfectant.
Susceptible
74
It means it's an Intermediate level disinfectant
Resistant
75
Type of microbial agent that is susceptible (low-level disinfectant) due to its phospholipid bilayer wherein it is also sensitive to denaturation) by changes in temperature and pH
Enveloped Viruses
76
Microbial agent that are resistant (intermediate level disinfectant) with very complex polysaccharides on their cell walls, allowing them to be resistant to environmental stress and mechanical stress.
Fungal Spores
77
Microbial Agent that is Resistant (intermediate level disinfectant) containing capsid that protects them from environmental changes.
Non-Enveloped Viruses
78
Highly Resistant Microbial agent because of multiple layers surrounding their walls, allowing the spores to deactivate the chemicals and make them permeable to chemicals.
Bacterial Spores
79
Microbial agent that is extremely resistant which are also known as "infectious proteins"
Prions
80
They cause neurodegenerative disease in animals such as in cattle and they are extremely resistent even to autoclaving at 120 degrees Celsius
Prions
81
It can be used as a guide for appropriate selection and efficacy against the organism.
Classification of antimicrobials
82
Clinical efficacy of antimicrobials is dependent on:
1. Antimicrobial
2. Pathogen
3. Host
4. Combined Effects of the disease process
5. How antimicrobial was administered
83
Classification of Antimicrobials based on SPECTRUM are:
1. Narrow
2. Broad
84
It means its active against either gram negative (-) or gram positive (+) bacteria alone.
Narrow classification of antimicrobials based on spectrum
85
It means it's active against both gram negative (-) and gram positive (+) bacteria.
Broad classification of antimicrobials based on spectrum
86
It meets the standard of at least a three log reduction in the bacterial population over 18-24 hours in a static concentration culture.
Bactericidal
87
It can kill the bacteria over a certain period of time of exposure.
Bactericidal
88
What is the standard in the bacterial population over 18-24 hours in a static concentration culture that Bactericidal should meet?
at least a three log reduction
89
It's a mechanism of action stalling bacterial cellular activity without directly causing bacterial death.
Bacteriostatic
90
How many hours should the Bactericidal meet the standard of at least a three log reduction in the bacterial population in a static concentration culture?
18-24 hours
91
It means it can kill the bacteria over a certain period of time of exposure.
Bactericidal
92
It means it can prevent bacterial growth but not necessarily kill the microorganism.
Bacteriostatic
93
It is possible for an antibiotic to display both bacteriostatic and bactericidal characteristics against the same pathogen isolate in vitro, depending on what?
the concentration (whether HIGH or LOW when administered)
94
They prevent final cross-linking of cell wall (PG synthesis, G+ bacteria)
β-lactams
95
4 Main Mechanistic Classifications
1. Inhibition of cell wall synthesis
2. Damage to cell membrane function.
3. Inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis or function
4. Inhibition of protein synthesis
96
Mechanism of Action: Antimicrobials include inhibition of?
1. Cell wall synthesis
2. Cell membrane function
3. Nucleic acid synthesis/function
4. Protein synthesis
97
It is where β-lactams prevent final cross-linking of cell wall (PG synthesis, G+ bacteria)
Inhibition of Cell Wall Synthesis
98
It impairs cell membrane function by causing damage and leakage of cellular components.
Inhibition of cell membrane function
99
It is when most drugs binds to DNA to inhibit transcription and replication/
Inhibition of Nucleic acid synthesis/ function
100
Examples of β-lactams
- Glycopeptides
- Bacitracin
- Streptogramins
101
Example of antimicrobial that inhibits cell membrane function
Polyenes
102
Examples of antimicrobials that inhibits Nucleic acid synthesis/function
- Nitromidazoles
- Nitrofurans
- Sulfonamides
- Trimethoprim
- Fluoroquinolones
- Novobiocin
- Rifampin
103
It is where the antibacterial affects either 30S or 50S ribosomal unit that the cell uses for protein synthesis
Inhibition of Protein Synthesis
104
Examples of Antimicrobial that inhibits protein synthesis
- Tetracyclines
- Aminoglycosides
- Macrolides
105
Factors considered in the clinical use of antimicrobials
- Pharmacokinetics
- Duration of therapy
- Use of antibacterial combinations
106
It is where each component rules in and rules out selected antimicrobials for specific applications
Pharmacokinetics
107
It includes ADME
Pharmacokinetics
108
It involves regimen design.
Pharmacokinetics
109
These are the foundation for regimen design.
Pharmacokinetic properties of an antimicrobial
110
ADME stands for?
- Absorption
- Distribution
- Metabolism
- Excretion
111
It is the process by which drugs enter systemic circulation; characterized by bioavailability
Absorption
112
A process by which the drug is transferred by the blood stream throughout the body.
Distribution
113
Volume of distribution of antimicrobial drugs in different organs and tissues vary depending on their solubility in what?
water or lipids
114
What is systemic circulation characterized by?
Bioavailability
115
It has a low oral bioavailability compared to fluoroquinolone in some animals.
aminoglycosides
116
Aminoglycosides have low oral bioavailability compared to what in some animals?
fluoroquinolone
117
Where are water-soluble anti-microbials distributed in?
Low Concentrations in the CNS in the eyes and prostate glands
118
Where are lipid-soluble distributed in?
Tissues
119
A biotransformation process by which the drug is enzymatically transformed into new chemical compounds.
Metabolism
120
Some drugs are rapidly metabolized compared to others depending on what?
active substance
and site of administration
121
The irreversible process where the drug or its metabolites leave the body primarily renal or hepatic route.
Excretion
122
Routes where the drug or its metabolites leave the body.
Renal or Hepatic Route
123
They should be present for a sufficient period of time at the site of infection.
Duration of therapy
124
It refers to antimicrobials that should be present for a sufficient period of time at the site of infection.
Duration of therapy
125
Many antimicrobial therapy durations are ____, being given for _, _, _ _ durations.
arbitraty
7, 10, 14
126
More evidence has been presented pointing to the advantage of what?
shorter antimicrobial regimens
127
Some evidence showed longer periods of antimicrobial therapy results in ?
antimicrobial resistance
128
It is where combination drugs may be advantageous in some cases.
Use of antibacterial combinations
129
It may be advantageous in some cases
Combination drugs
130
An example of combination drug.
Synergistic effect of two antimicrobials
131
A drug where one drug facilitates the entry of other
Synergistic effect of two antimicrobials
132
Clinical Importance of Antimicrobial Resistance
- Acquired drug resistance
- Acquired multiple antibiotic resistance to many common antibiotics
133
It's a major problem for pathogenic bacteria in veterinary medicine.
Acquired drug resistance
134
It limits the use of these drugs especially in enteric bacteria where it is most commonly found such as Salmonella, and E. coli
Acquired multiple antibiotic resistance to many common antibiotics
135
Why are the multiple antibiotic resistance to many common antibiotics limits the use of these drugs in enteric bacteria?
This is due to high number and variety of bacteria present in the intestines where horizontal gene transfer of resistance can occur.
136
Resistance has been increasingly observed in ______ as well, such as Bordetella, Mannhemia and Pasteurella
non-enteric bacteria
137
Examples of Enteric bacteria
- Salmonella
- E. coli
138
