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VMCB121 (3rd LE) > Introduction to Fungi > Flashcards

Introduction to Fungi Flashcards

1
Q

How many species of fungi have been described out of an estimated 1,000,000 fungi species?

A

70,000 species

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2
Q

They obtain their food/nutrients from dead organic matter, by killing other organisms/ tissues/ cells

A

Heterotrophic

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3
Q

They obtain their food/nutrients from living cells either as parasites or mutualists (lichen and mycorrhizal fungi), or by a combination of these methods.

A

Heterotrophic

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4
Q

Heterotrophic organisms obtain food/nutrients from living cells either as ______ or _____

A
  • Parasites
  • Mutualists
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5
Q

Examples of mutualists

A
  • Lichen
  • Mycorrhizal fungi
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6
Q

They are non-motile

A

Heterotrophic organisms

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7
Q

They are spore-bearing

A

Heterotrophic organisms

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8
Q

Lifestyle of Heterotrophic

A
  • Saprophytic or parasitic existence
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9
Q

General Properties of Fungi

A
  • Not photosynthetic
  • Have cell walls resembling plants
  • Chitin
  • Provides structural stability to fungi
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10
Q

Fungi have cell walls that resembles what?

A

plants

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11
Q

Found in the cell walls

A

Chitin

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12
Q

It has a polymer similar to collagen.

A

Chitin

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13
Q

It contains nitrogen

A

Chitin

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14
Q

They usually have branching filamentous forms.

A

Multicellular types of Fungi

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15
Q

What form do multicellular types have?

A

Branching filamentous form

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16
Q

What are filaments called in the branching filamentous forms of multicellular types?

A

hyphae

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17
Q

What is a mass of hyphae called?

A

mycelium

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18
Q

This fungi have partitions between cells called septa

A

Septate fungi

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19
Q

The term for the partitions between cells of septate fungi

A

septa

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20
Q

In septate fungi, when partitions often are not complete, what flows between the cells?

A

Cytoplasm

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21
Q

In some cases cells have no partitions called

A

coenocytic

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22
Q

this form gives large surface area for absorption

A

Filamentous form

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23
Q

What do filamentous form gives for absorption?

A

large surface area

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24
Q

They are made up of masses of fused filaments.

A

Large reproductive structures of some fungi

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25
Q

Example of the large reproductive structures of some fungi.

A

Mushrooms

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26
Q

It is a septate fungus.

A

Penicillium

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27
Q

In septate fungi, the individual cells are separated by cross walls called what?

A

septa

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28
Q

What is a non-septate hyphae called?

A

Coenocytic hyphae

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29
Q

It is from Candida albicans that is due to incomplete budding.

A

Pseudohyphae

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30
Q

Pseudohyphae from ________ is due to incomplete budding.

A

Candida albicans

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31
Q

How many classification of Fungi there are?

A

5

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32
Q

What are the phylums of Kingdom Fungi

A
  • Phylum Chytridiomycota
  • Phylum Zygomycota
  • Phylum Basidiomycota
  • Phylum Ascomycota
  • Phylum Deuteromycota
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33
Q

Examples of Phylum Chytridiomycota

A
  • Chytrids
  • aquatic
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34
Q

Example of Phylum Zygomycota

A

Bread molds

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35
Q

Example of Phylum Basidiomycota

A

Club fungi

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36
Q

Example of Phylum Ascomycota

A

Sac fungi

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37
Q

Fungi under Phylum Zygomycota (Bread molds)

A

Rhizopus

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38
Q

Fungi under Phylum Ascomycota (Sac fungi)

A
  • Aspergillus
  • Penicillium
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39
Q

Fungi under Phylum Deuteromycota

A
  • Candida
  • Microsporum
  • Trichophyton
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40
Q

2 Principal kinds of Fungi

A
  • Molds
  • Yeasts
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41
Q

What is the main element of molds?

A

hypha

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42
Q

These are branching tubular structures that are vegetative.

A

Hypha

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43
Q

The intertwined hyphae is called?

A

mycelium

44
Q

_____ vs. ______

A
  • Surface hyphae
  • Aerial mycelium
45
Q

Hyphae of _______ produce the spores (reproductive cells)

A

aerial mycelium

46
Q

These are collectively called “fruiting bodies”

A

Spores

47
Q

Spores are collectively called _____

A

fruiting bodies

48
Q

What the cross-walls that divide the hyphae are called.

A

Septa

49
Q

Stalk like structures are called ____ or _____

A
  • Conidiophores
  • Sporangiophores
50
Q

Conidiophores or Sporangiophores give rise to the asexual spored called ??

A

conidia

51
Q

Term for asexual spores

A

Conidia

52
Q

They are more resistant to physical and chemical assaults than hyphae.

A

Spores

53
Q

Spores are more resistant to physical and chemical assaults than what?

A

hyphae

54
Q

They promote aerial dissemination of fungi

A

Free conidia

55
Q

Oval or spherical cells ranging from 3-5 micrometer

A

Yeasts

56
Q

Yeasts are oval or spherical cells ranging from?

A

3-5 micrometer

57
Q

Some varieties of yeast produce irregular yeast cells referred to as ____

A

psuedohyphae

58
Q

These are _______ which have mycelial forms and yeast forms.

A

dimorphic fungi

59
Q

Yeasts are dimorphic fungi with what forms?

A
  • mycelial forms
  • yeast forms
60
Q

Yeasts reproduce by?

A

budding

61
Q

2 Types of Fungi Reproduction

A
  • Sexual Reproduction
  • Asexual Reproduction
62
Q

It has not been demostrated in most medically important fungi.

A

Sexual reproduction

63
Q

It is considered as the “perfect stage”

A

Sexual reproduction

64
Q

It is the division of nuclei by mitosis

A

Asexual reproduction

65
Q

It is efficient and minimizes the need for sexual reproduction

A

Asexual reproduction

66
Q

It is usually found on infected skin

A

Asexual Reproduction

67
Q

3 Mechanisms of asexual reproduction

A
  1. Sporulation
  2. Germination of the spores
  3. Fragmentation of hyphae
68
Q

It is the formation of spores

A

Sporulation

69
Q

It is the sprouting of spores

A

Germination of the spores

70
Q

It is the budding of yeast cells (Candida and Cryptococcus)

A

Fragmentation of hyphae

71
Q

Yeast cells in budding during the fragmentation of hyphae

A
  • Candida
  • Cryptococcus
72
Q

It is synonymous with spores

A

Conidia

73
Q

It is a complex conidia

A

Macroconidia

74
Q

It is a simple conidia

A

Microconidia

75
Q

It includes sporangium, and endospores

A

Conidia in a sac

76
Q

Most fungi grow well on what media?

A

Simple media

77
Q

What temperature do most fungi grow well on simple media?

A

22-25 degrees Celsius

78
Q

The most commonly used media to grow bacteria and cultivate them are?

A

Sabouraud’s Dextrose Agar (SDA) and its variations

79
Q

The Sabouraud’s Dextrose Agad (SDA) contains what?

A
  • peptone
  • dextrose
  • agar
80
Q

The pH of Sabouraud’s Dextrose Agar (SDA)

A

pH of 5.6

81
Q

What pH inhibits growth of bacteria

A

Low pH

82
Q

Fungi grow anaerobically or aerobically?

A

aerobically.

83
Q

Yeast phase grows at what temperature?

A

37 degrees Celsius

84
Q

Agars on which yeast phase grows at 37 degrees Celsius

A
  • Blood agar
  • BHI agar
85
Q

They use large inocula

A

Yeasts

86
Q

What inocula does yeasts use?

A

Large inocula

87
Q

Can the incubation periods of yeast be extended or not?

A

It may be extented

88
Q

It may be added to SDA to inihibit saprophytic fungi.

A

Cycloheximide

89
Q

It may be added to SDA to inhibit bacterial growth.

A

Chloramphenicol

90
Q

In common laboratory procedures used in the Diagnosis of Fungal Infections, wet mount of tissue or mucus-containing specimens in _______ is used

A

10% KOH

91
Q

In Common Laboratory Procedures used in the diagnosis of Fungal Infection, wet mount portions teased from fungal colonies and mounted in ?

A

lactophenol cotton blue

92
Q

Tissue sections and clinical material are stained with ____ or _____

A

Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) or methenamine silver stains

93
Q

In the Sabouraud glucose agar for culture, incubation at room temperature is up to how long?

A

up to 6 weeks

94
Q

These agars are incubated at 37 degrees Celsius for 1 week or more in common laboratory procedures used in the diagnosis of Fungal Infection

A
  • Blood Agar
  • Brain heart infusion agar
95
Q

This is used on a glass slide covered with a coverslip and incubated in a moist chamber at room temperature; when spores form, the coverslip is carefully removed and examined in a lactophenol cotton blue wet mount.

A

Side cultures with incubated blocks of Sabouraud’s glucose agar (about 1 cm square and 2 or 3 mm deep)

96
Q

Dimensions of Side cultures, with incubated blocks of Sabouraud’s glucose agar.

A

about 1 cm square and 2 or 3 mm deep

97
Q

It degrades tissue and mucus, permitting visualization of fungi

A

Strong alkali

98
Q

Where are wet mount portions (teased from fungal colonies) mounted in, to permit observation of fungal morphology and presence of spores?

(as well as to kill fungi and provide good contrast for visualization)

A

lactophenol cotton blue

99
Q

Both of these stain fungal cell walls to give good contrast with background in tissue sections and clinical materials

A
  • Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS)
  • silver stain
100
Q

Low pH of the medium and RT incubation favor growth of ____ over ___

A
  • fungi
  • bacteria
101
Q

They may also be added to discourage bacterial and fungal growth.

A

Antibiotics

102
Q

Examples of antibiotics that may also be added to discourage bacterial and fungal growth.

A
  • Chloramphenical
  • Cyclohexamide
103
Q

Various fungi grow at what temperature?

A

37 degrees Celsius

104
Q

The yeast phase of dimorphic fungi grow on these media (Blood agar or Brain heart infusion agar) at temperature

A

37 degrees Celsius

105
Q

It permits observation of relatively undisturbed fungal growth; particularly useful for identification of fruiting bodies

A

Slide cultures, with incubated blocks of Sabouraud’s glucose afar on a glas slide covered with a coverslip and incubated in a moist chamber at room temperature

106
Q

An example of numerous budding yeasts.

A

Malassezia dermatitis

VMCB121 (3rd LE) (5 decks)

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