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VMCB121 (3rd LE) > Introduction to Virology > Flashcards

Introduction to Virology Flashcards

1
Q

They are obligate, intracellular parasites.

A

Viruses

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2
Q

They are infectious agents consisting of nucleic acid molecule packaged into a protein (capsid)

A

Viruses

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3
Q

Aside from protein capsids, viruses may also be covered by

A
  • lipid envelope
  • glycoproteins
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4
Q

Aside from protein capsids, viruses may be ____ (_____) or non-enveloped

A

enveloped (lipid envelope)

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5
Q

Nucleic acid of viruses can be either ____ or ____

A
  • DNA
  • RNA
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6
Q

They can infect all known life-forms

A

Viruses

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7
Q

They are only able to multiply within living cells of hosts

A

Viruses

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8
Q

Viruses have no ____ which means they cannot synthesize ATP

A

ribosomes

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9
Q

Viruses have a wide range of _____ and _____

A
  • structures
  • genomes
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10
Q

It’s the process by which a virus produces disease in the host.

A

Viral pathogenesis

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11
Q

These genome carried by a protein capsid is enough to enter cells, hijack the host machinery to replicate and persist over time.

A
  • DNA or RNA genome
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12
Q

Modes of Viral Infection

A
  1. Local Infection
  2. Generalized Infection
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13
Q

This means the cellular damage remains at the initial site of infection and replication such as the skin, mucous membranes, respiratory, GI, genital tract

A

Local infection

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14
Q

Sites of Local Infection

A
  • Skin
  • Mucous membranes
  • Respiratory
  • GI
  • genital tract
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15
Q

It refers to when virus replicates at primary site then spreads via the blood (viremia) or lymphatics (replicates in lymph nodes); reaches target organ, replicates, then spreads via primary viremia; reaches other target organs, replicates then spreads via the bloodstream (secondary viremia)

A

Generalized Infection

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16
Q

How does the virus spread after replicating at the primary site, spreads, and after reaching the target organ?

A

via Primary viremia

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17
Q

How does the virus spread once it replicated after reaching the other target organs?

A

via Secondary viremia

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18
Q

An example of a disease you can get in the virus-infected local site

A

Rhinovirus

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19
Q

An example of the disease you can get in a virus-infected target organ

A
  • Parainfluenza type 3
  • rabies
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20
Q

An example of the disease you can get in the target organ via primary viremia

A

Carnivore protoparvovirus 1

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21
Q

An example of the disease you can get in the target organ via secondary viremia

A

Canine morbillivirus

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22
Q

Potential Consequences of virus-animal relationships

A
  1. Animal is resistant to viral infection
  2. Asymptomatic or subclinical infection
  3. Acute viral infection
  4. Chronic viral infection
  5. Tumor formation
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22
Q

It is a potential consequence of virus-animal relationship where in the existence of death, recovery, or persistent infection are involved.

A

Acute viral infection

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22
Q

It’s a potential consequence of virus-animal relationship whereas no relationship is even established.

A

Animal is resistant to viral infection

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22
Q

It’s a potential consequence of virus-animal relationship whereas there is the existence of recovery or persistent infection

A

Asymptomatic or subclinical infection

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23
Q

It is a potential consequence of virus-animal relationship where in the recurrent clinical disease or persistent infection are involved

A

Chronic viral infection

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24
Q

It’s a potential consequence of virus-animal relationship where in viruses are tumorigenic.

A

Tumor formation

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25
Q

It does not always lead to disease but can lead to acute and chronic infections in the susceptible host.

A

Viral infection

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26
Q

Viral infection can lead to such infections as it does not always lead to disease

A

Acute and Chronic infections

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27
Q

In the virus-host relationship, some ____ may be resistant.

A

hosts

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28
Q

In the virus-host relationship, some ____ are tumorigenic.

A

viruses

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29
Q

Variation in size of Viruses

A

20-100 nm diameter

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30
Q

It is a degree of pathogenicity of a virus.

A

Virulence

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31
Q

The factors that influence the degree of virulence are:

A
  • Production of cytotoxic effects by the virus
  • Replication strategies of the virus.
  • Tissue tropism
  • Dose of the infecting virus
  • Route of exposure
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32
Q

Viruses are composed of?

A
  • Nucleic acid
  • Capsid
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33
Q

The nucleic acid of viruses can be either?

A
  • DNA
  • RNA
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34
Q

It is the protein coat of viruses.

A

Capsid

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35
Q

Properties of Viruses

A
  • Nucleic acid
  • General morphology
  • Strategy of multiplication/ replication
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36
Q

Form/ structure of nucleic acid can be:

A
  • Circular
  • Linear
  • Separate molecules (segmented)
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37
Q

Types of morphology of Viruses

A
  • Helical viruses
  • Polyhedral viruses
  • Enveloped viruses
  • Complex viruses
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38
Q

Example of a polyhedral virus

A

Icosahedron

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39
Q

How many triangular faces does icosahedron and what is the morphology of this virus?

A
  • 20
  • Polyhedral viruses
40
Q

Restriction of viral infection and/or replication to certain cells or tissues

A

Viral tropism

41
Q

Viruses with ____ ______ can replicate in a variety of cell types, organisms and host species.

A

broad tropism

42
Q

Example of a virus with broad tropism.

A

Pseudorabies (Suid alphaherpesvirus I)

43
Q

This virus infects the respiratory tract, CNS, and fetus in swine. It is also fatal to other animal species except monkeys.

A

Pseudorabies (Suid alphaherpesvirus I)

44
Q

Specific types of cells a virus can infect in its host species represent the _____ of the virus

A

Host range

45
Q

They are usually species-specific.

A

Viruses

46
Q

It is determined by attachment sites (receptors on the cells).

A

Host range

47
Q

Classification of viruses

A
  • Animal/ human virus
  • Plant virus
  • Bacterial virus (bacteriophage)
48
Q

What is the classification of viruses based on?

A
  • Type of nucleic acid
  • Strategy for replication
  • morphology
49
Q

Virus family names end in ____

A

-viridae

50
Q

Virus Order names end in ____

A

-virales

51
Q

Virus Genus names ends in ____

A

-virus

52
Q

It is a group of viruses sharing the same genetic information and ecological niche.

A

Viral species

53
Q

Only half of viruses are currently classified in what taxon?

A

order

54
Q

How many viruses are only currently classified in orders?

A

Half of viruses

55
Q

Virus subfamily names end with ____

A

-virinae

56
Q

It is generally the “common name” of the virus.

A

Species

57
Q

Classification of Species

A
  • Subtypes
  • Serotypes
  • Strains
  • Isolates
  • Variants
58
Q

Serotypes include _________ which includes strains human rhinovirus IA and human rhinovirus IB

A

Human rhinovirus I

59
Q

The Baltimore classification system is made by this Nobel laureate. (And what year?)

A

David Baltimore (1970s)

60
Q

This classification of viruses classify them based on their genome and replication strategy,

A

Baltimore classification systm

61
Q

The Baltimore Classification system classified viruses based on what?

A
  • their genome
  • replication strategy
62
Q

How many classes are there in the Baltimore classification system?

A

7

63
Q

What are the 7 classes in the Baltimore classification system?

A

class I: dsDNA viruses
class II: ssDNA viruses
class III: dsRNA viruses
class IV: positive-sense ssRNA viruses
class V: negative-sense ssRNA viruses
class VI: RNA viruses that reverse transcribe
class VII: DNA viruses that reverse transcribe

64
Q

Viruses replicate intracellularly using the host cell machinery to create new infectious particles called ____

A

virions

65
Q

What does the virus depend on to undergo several steps of replication?

A

Depending on the type of nucleic acid

66
Q

Stages of Viral Replication

A
  1. Attachment
  2. Penetration
  3. Uncoating
  4. Biosynthesis
  5. Assembly
  6. Release
67
Q

They are made and assembled into new virions that are released by budding.

A
  • Viral RNA
  • Viral proteins
68
Q

In influenza virus infection, they attach the virus to a host epithelial cell.

A

viral glycoproteins

69
Q

It is endocytosed.

A

Virus

70
Q

Laboratory Detection of Viruses being done.

A
  • Electron microscopy
  • Virus isolation
  • Detection of viral antigen
  • Detection of viral nucleic acids
  • Detection of antibodies against virus.
71
Q

It’s an essential tool for visualizing viruses because their size is too small to visualize by light microscopy.

A

Electron microscopy

72
Q

Types of Electron microscopes used to detect viruses.

A
  • Transmission electron microscopes (TEM)
  • Scanning Electron microscopes (SEM)
73
Q

Transmission electron microscopes (TEM) and Scanning Electron Microscopes (SEM) can magnify up to how many times?

A

50 to 50 million times

74
Q

Viruses are way too small to be even visualized by this type of microscopy.

A

Light microscopy

75
Q

Viruses can be isolated by growing them in the appropriate host cells such as?

A
  • in vivo (e.g. egg)
  • in vitro (e.g. baby hamster kidney (BHK) cells)
76
Q

Viruses can then be purified via?

A
  • Centrifugation (high-speed ultracentrifuge)
  • Filtration (e.g. 0.2 micrometer)
77
Q

What is the pore size in filtration that removes other microorganisms and allows viruses to pass through?

A

0.2 micrometer

78
Q

It uses primary and/or secondary antibodies for detection.

A

Detection of viral antigen

79
Q

In the detection of viral antigen, usage of _____ are applied for detection?

A

primary and/or secondary antibodies

80
Q

What are used for the detection of viral antigen?

A
  • Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
  • Immunofluorescence
  • Immunohistochemistry
81
Q

What are used for the detection of viral nucleic acids?

A
  • Polymerase chain reaction
  • RT-PCR
  • Real-time quantitative PCR (Real-time qPCR)
82
Q

What are used for the detection of antibodies against virus?

A
  • ELISA
  • Immunochromatography (rapid test)
83
Q

Where do viruses only replicate?

A

in living cells

84
Q

They are formerly used extensively for the cultivation of viruses.

A

Embryonated eggs

85
Q

Such techniques have greatly improved to cultivate viruses.

A

Cell culture techniques

86
Q

Three routes of virus infection:

A
  • Chorioallantoic membrane
  • Amniotic cavity
  • Yolk sac
87
Q

Techniques for tissue cultures

A
  1. Explant cultures
  2. Cell cultures
  3. Cell lines are passaged,
  4. For primary cell lines, number of passages in finite
  5. Viruses exhibit microscopic changes on the cells
  6. Determination of virus concentration
88
Q

It is wherein explant tracheal cultures are required for some coronaviruses.

A

Explant cultures

89
Q

An example of explant culture

A
  • explant tracheal cultures are required for some coronaviruses
90
Q

Cell cultures can be?

A
  • primary
  • semi-continuous
  • continuous
91
Q

An example of primary cell culture

A

Chicken fibroblast from chick embryo

92
Q

An example of continuous cell culture

A

baby hamster kidney (BHK) cell line

93
Q

What classification of cell culture is the example chicken fibroblast from chick embryo be under in?

A

Primary cell culture

94
Q

What classification of cell culture is the example baby hamster kidney (BHK) cell line be under in?

A

Continuous cell culture

95
Q

It means cell lines are transferred or sub-cultured from one culture vessel to another.

A

Cell lines are passaged.

96
Q

For primary cell lines, the number of passages is ____

A

finite

97
Q

The finite number of primary cell lines has a what?

A

endpoint

98
Q

What is the endpoint called in the finite number of passages in primary cell lines?

A

Hayflick limit

99
Q

The microscopic changes on the cells that viruses exhibit.

A

Cytopathic effect (CPE)

100
Q

Various titration methods to determine virus concentration:

A
  • 50% lethal dose (LD₅₀) in mice or embryonated eggs
  • 50% tissue culture infective dose (TCID₅₀) in cells

VMCB121 (3rd LE) (5 decks)

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