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Immunology > Principles of immunity > Flashcards

Principles of immunity Flashcards

1
Q

A molecule recognized by cells of the immune system and may elicit a response from these cells

A

Antigen

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2
Q

Part of antigens that are recognized by cells of the immune system

A

Epitopes

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3
Q

Two types of responses to antigens by the immune system

A

Cell-mediated and humoral

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4
Q

A glycoprotein that interacts specifically with an antigenic determinant

A

Antibody

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5
Q

Cells that secrete antibodies

A

Plasma cells

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6
Q

Plasma cells arise from which immediate precursors?

A

B-lymphocytes

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7
Q

Common parts of an antibody

A

Two light chains, two heavy chains bound by disulfide bonds and non-covalent forces

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8
Q

Isolated carboxyl-terminal portion of the heavy chain molecles

A

Fc region

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9
Q

Main classes of immunoglobulins in humans

A

IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE, IgD

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10
Q

Most abundant immunoglobulin

A

IgG

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11
Q

The only immunoglobulin that can cross placental barriers

A

IgG

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12
Q

Main immunoglobulin found in secretions

A

IgA

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13
Q

Major immunoglobulins found on the surface of B cells

A

IgM, IgD

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14
Q

Immunoglobulin in the lamina propria of the digestive, respiratory and urinary tract

A

IgA

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15
Q

Immunoglobulin that attaches to mast cells and basophils after being secreted by plasma cells

A

IgE

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16
Q

Immunoglobulin in allergic reactions

A

IgE

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17
Q

MHC I exists in which types pf cells?

A

All nucleated cells

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18
Q

MHC II exists in which types of cells?

A

Antigen-presenting cells (APCs)

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19
Q

Which part of the cells produces MHCs?

A

RER

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20
Q

Two basic types of immune responses

A

Innate and adaptive response

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21
Q

Which type of immune response is nonspecific?

A

Innate response

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22
Q

Which type of immune response is specific?

A

Adaptive response

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23
Q

Two types of adaptive response

A

Humoral and cellular reponse

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24
Q

Which is correct?

a. Cross­presentation enables T­cytotoxic cell activation against tumors.
b. Dendritic cells employ mainly Class II MHC for cross­presentation.
c. Endogenous antigens are recognized primarily via cross­presentation.
d. Both A & C.

A

b

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25
Q

Which of the following is/are correct?

a. Active immunity is the underlying principle in vaccination
b. Passive immunity typically produces immunological memory
c. T­ independent antigens typically produces immunological memory
d. A and C

A

a

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26
Q

Which of the following statements is/are INCORRECT?

A. The core function of the immune system is destruction of nonself molecules.

B. Cytoplasmic self proteins in the extracellular space
are danger signals.

C. The immune system exhibits tolerance to both self and nonself molecules.

D. Both B and C

A

A

27
Q

Which of the following statements is/are INCORRECT?

A. Most antibodies are normally coded for by unmodified germline DNA sequences.

B. Both heavy and light chains determine antibody class.

C. Both heavy and light chains contribute to antigen binding by antibodies.

D. Both A and B

A

D

28
Q

Which of the following statements is/are INCORRECT?

A. IgA normally crosses the placental barrier.

B. IgG normally constitutes the majority of circulating antibody in plasma.

C. IgM normally appears first in response to the first exposure to an antigen.

D. Both A and C

A

A

29
Q

Which of the following statements is/are INCORRECT?

A. Lysozyme serves mainly to catalyze hydrolysis of bacterial cell walls.

B. Cytokines and chemikines are mainly specialized antibody molecules.

C. Endotoxin from Gram-negative bacteria is lipopolysaccharide (LPS).

D. Both B and C

A

B

30
Q

Which of the following statements is/are INCORRECT?

A. Phagocytes include neutrophils, macrophages and monocytes.

B. Activation of complement pathways contributes to opsonization.

C. Decreased vascular permeability is a hallmark of inflammation.

D. Both A and B

A

C

31
Q

Which of the following statements is/are INCORRECT?

A. Class I MHC molecules are normally expressed on mature human erythrocytes.

B. Class I MHC molecules present fragments of endogenous antigens in most cell types.

C. Class I MHC molecules typically enable recognition of antigens by T helper cells.

D. Both A & C.

A

D

32
Q

Which of the following is/are INCORRECT?

A. T cytotoxic cells typically destroy their targets by inducing apoptosis.

B. T cytotoxic cells typically bear the CD4 coreceptor for antigen recognition.

C. T helper cells typically serve to coordinate adaptive immune responses.

D. Both B and C.

A

B

33
Q

Which of the following statements is/are INCORRECT?

A. Passive immunization entails actual exposure to antigen

B. Passive immunization is the principle underlying most vaccination schemes.

C. Passive immunization is exemplified by maternal antibody transfer.

D. Both A and B

A

D

34
Q

Which of the following is/are INCORRECT?

A. Blood-group antigens include MHC proteins.

B. Histocompatibility antigens include blood-group antigens.

C. Human leukocyte antigens (HLAs) are blood-
group antigens.

D. Both A and C

A

D

35
Q

Which of the following statements is/are INCORRECT?

A. Th1 cells stimulate cell-mediated killing by T cytotoxic cells and macrophages.

B. Th2 cells stimulate antibody production by helping B-cells

C. Th17 cells stimulate immune responses mainly against intracellular pathogens

D. Both B and C

A

C

36
Q

Which of the following is CORRECT?

A. Class I MHC molecules are normally expressed on mature human erythrocytes

B. Class I MHC molecules typically present fragments of endogenous antigens

C. Class I MHC molecules typically enable recognition of antigens by T helper cells

A

B

37
Q

Which of the following statements is INCORRECT?

A. IgG normally crosses the placental barrier.

B. IgA normally constitutes the majority of secreted antibody.

C. IgE normally appears first in response to the first exposure to an antigen.

D. IgM-containing immune complexes activate the classical complement pathway.

A

C

38
Q

Which of the following statements is INCORRECT?

A. Activation of complement pathways contributes to opsonization.

B. Phagocytes include neutrophils, monocytes and macrophages.

C. Decreased vascular permeability is typical of inflammation.

D. Inflammation entails enhanced migration of leukocytes into tissue.

A

C

39
Q

Which of the following statements is INCORRECT?

A. Class I MHC molecules are normally expressed on mature human erythrocytes.

B. Class I MHC molecules typically present fragments of endogenous antigens.

C. Class I MHC molecules typically enable recognition of antigens by T cytotoxic cells.

D. Class II MHC molecules typically enable recognition of antigens by T helper cells.

A

A

40
Q

Which of the following statements is INCORRECT?

A. T cytotoxic cells typically destroy their targets by inducing apoptosis.

B. T helper cells serve to coordinate adaptive immune responses.

C. T helper cells typically bear the CD8 coreceptor for antigen recognition.

D. Th2 cells secrete cytokines that stimulate antibody production.

A

C

41
Q

Which of the following statements is INCORRECT?

A. Active immunization entails actual exposure to antigen.

B. Active immunization is the principle underlying vaccination.

C. Active immunization typically produces immunologic memory.

D. Active immunization is exemplified by maternal antibody transfer.

A

D

42
Q

Which of the following statements is INCORRECT?

A. Histocompatibility antigens include blood-group antigens.

B. Blood-group antigens include MHC proteins.

C. Human leukocyte antigens (HLAs) are MHC proteins.

D. Identical twins share the same set of histocompatibility antigens.

A

B

43
Q

Which of the following statements is INCORRECT?

A. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a retrovirus.

B. HIV primarily infects CD4(+) cells.

C. HIV infection compromises immunity mainly by killing T cytotoxic cells.

D. HIV infection increases the risk of developing opportunistic infections.

A

C

44
Q

Which of the following statements is INCORRECT?

A. Degranulation is induced by crosslinking of receptor-bound IgE on mast cells.

B. Histamine is released during degranulation of mast cells.

C. Histamine induces bronchoconstriction, vasodilatation and plasma leakage.

D. Epinephrine acts mainly by blocking the binding of histamine to receptors.

A

D

45
Q

When you sit beside a classmate who is still chickenpox infectious, which type of immunity would you like to have to gain immunity from chickenpox?

A. primary immune reaction
B. secondary immune reaction
C. cytotoxic immune reaction
D. nonspecific immune reaction

A

A

46
Q

Which is incorrect?

a. Class I MHC found in all nucleated cells
b. Class I MHC presents antigen fragments
c. Class II MHC found in macrophages B-cells
d. Class II MHC induces action of cytotoxic T-cells

A

d

47
Q

Which of the following statements is incorrect?

a. Active immunity entails actual experience of antigen
b. Active immunity is the principle underlying vaccination
c. Passive immunity typically produces immunologic memory

d. Passive immunity is exemplified by maternal transfer of
antibodies.

A

c

48
Q

Which is incorrect?

a. HLA are MHC proteins
b. Histocampatibility proteins include blood antigens
c. transplacentally acquired anti-RhD antibodies attach Rh(+) fetus
d. AB blood type has antibodies for both A & B antigens

A

d

49
Q

Part of antibody in direct contact with antigen/binds with epitope

A

Paratope

50
Q

What is the blood type of a person who has no B or A antibodies?

A

AB

51
Q

What is the blood type of a person with B anti-bodies but no A antibodies?

A

A

52
Q

What is the blood type of a person with both B and A antibodies?

A

O

53
Q

What is the blood type of a person with A antibodies but no B antibodies?

A

B

54
Q

The universal blood donor

A

O

55
Q

The universal blood receiver

A

AB

56
Q

What blood type can a person with O blood receive?

A

O

57
Q

What type of blood can a person with AB blood receive?

A

A, B, O, AB

58
Q

What blood type can a person with B blood receive?

A

B, O

59
Q

What type of blood can a person with A receive?

A

A, O

60
Q

Why is O the universal blood donor?

A

Because there are no O antibodies in all blood types

61
Q

Why is AB the universal receiver?

A

Because it has no A, B, O antibodies

62
Q

Types of antigen based on T helper cell activation

A

Thymus-independent antigen and thymus-dependent antigen

63
Q

Which will lead to a child having a hemolytic disease of the newborn?

a. a rh - mother giving birth to a second child who is rh +
b. a rh - mother giving birth to a 1st child who is rh +
c. a rh + mother giving birth to a 2nd child who is rh -
d. a rh + mother giving birth to a 1st child who is rh –

A

a

Immunology (4 decks)

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