Principles of Growth and Development pt. 2

Question 1

-beginning intention of behavior is present
- pleasure is gained through repetition of the
behavior.
- begins to be aware of the environment as
the infant begins to connect cause and
effect.
- learns from unintentional behavior.

Answer 1

Primary Circular Reaction (1-4 mos.)

Question 2

entirely reflexive

Answer 2

Neonatal reflexes (0-1 mo.)

Question 3

-memory traces are present and anticipates
familiar events
- can plan activities to attain specific goals
- Object Permanence – the knowledge that
something continues to exist even when out
of sight, begins when the infant remembers
where a hidden object is likely to be found; it
is no longer “out of sight, out of mind.”

Answer 3

Secondary Circular Reaction (4-8 mos.)

Question 4

• recognizes shapes and sizes, imitates others.
  increased sense of separateness
  *experimentation and exploration
  predominate as the toddler tries out
  actions to learn results
  *capable of space perception, time
  perception, and permanence

Answer 4

Coordination of Secondary
Schemes (8-12 mos.)

Question 5

-object permanence now FULLY DEVELOPED

Answer 5

Tertiary Circular Reactions (12-18 mos.)

Question 6

language provides a new tool for the toddler
to use in understanding the world.
- uses memory and imitation to act
- Initiates when model is out of sight.
- can solve basic problems

Answer 6

Mental Combination
(18-24 mos.)

Question 7

• vocabulary and comprehension increase
  greatly but child is egocentric thinking is
  basically concrete and literal
• static thinking
• no awareness of reversibility
• concept of time is now, concept of distance
  is as far as he / she can see

Answer 7

Preconceptual (2-4 yrs.)

Question 8

-child relies on transductive reasoning
- thinks of one idea at a time
- words express thought

Answer 8

Intuitive thought (4-7 yrs.)

Question 9

• concept of “conservation” is learned
• child can reason quite well if concrete
• objects are used in teaching or
  experimentation
• aware of reversibility and decentering
• begins to understand relationships

Answer 9

Concrete operational (7-11 yrs)

Question 10

• adult like thinking
• fully mature intellectual thought is attained
• uses rational thinking
• reasoning is deductive and futuristic

Answer 10

FORMAL OPERATIONAL (11 yrs. adulthood)

Question 11

-externally established rules
determine right or wrong
actions
- egocentric focus

Answer 11

PRECONVENTIONAL

Question 12

fear of punishment is reason for conformity /
behavior

Answer 12

Punishment and Obedience Orientation (2-3 yrs.)

Question 13

-concerns with
maintaining expectations and rules of family,
group, or society
– societal focus

Answer 13

CONVENTIONAL

Question 14

-conformity is based on egocentric and
narcissistic needs
– instrumental purpose and exchange

Answer 14

Instrumental Relativist Orientation (4-7 yrs)

Question 15

-lives autonomously and defines moral values and principles that are distinct from personal identification with group
values
– universal focus

Answer 15

POSTCONVENTIONAL

Question 16

maintenance of social order, fixed rules and
authority

Answer 16

Law-and-Order Orientation (10-12 yrs)

Question 17

believes a higher moral principle
applies and not only social rules

Answer 17

Social Contract Logistic Orientation (older than 12)

Question 18

decision and behaviors are based on internalized rules and on self-chosen
ethical and abstract principles that are
universal, consistent, and comprehensive

Answer 18

Universal Ethical Principle Orientation (older than 12)

Question 19

learn to walk, to take solid food, control
elimination of body wastes, sex difference, sexual
modesty, relate emotionally to parents, siblings &
others, to distinguish right from wrong (develop
conscience); achieve physiological stability, from
physical & social concepts of reality.

Answer 19

Infancy & Early Childhood

Question 20

Learn physical skills necessary for ordinary
games, to get along with age mates’ appropriate masculine and feminine social role; develop wholesome attitude toward self, skills in reading,
writing, calculating, concepts necessary for everyday living, morality, values, personal
independence.

Answer 20

Middle Childhood

Question 21

Achieve mature relationship with peers of both
sexes, masculine/feminine social role,
acceptance of one’s body image, emotional
independence of parents and others adults
economic independence, selection and
preparation for marriage and family life,

Answer 21

Adolescence

Question 22

Select a mate; learn to live with significant others;
start family; rear children; manage a home; begin
occupation; assume civic responsibility; identify
with a social group.

Answer 22

Early Adulthood

Question 23

Achieve adult civic & social responsibility;
establish & maintain an economic standard of
living; assist children to become responsible;
happy adults; develop leisure activities; relate to
spouse on a more intense basis; accept & adjust
to physiological changes of middle age; adjust to
accept own aging parents.

Answer 23

Middle Age

Question 24

Middle Age

Answer 24

Middle Age