Principles of Growth and Development pt. 2 Flashcards
-beginning intention of behavior is present
- pleasure is gained through repetition of the
behavior.
- begins to be aware of the environment as
the infant begins to connect cause and
effect.
- learns from unintentional behavior.
Primary Circular Reaction (1-4 mos.)
entirely reflexive
Neonatal reflexes (0-1 mo.)
-memory traces are present and anticipates
familiar events
- can plan activities to attain specific goals
- Object Permanence – the knowledge that
something continues to exist even when out
of sight, begins when the infant remembers
where a hidden object is likely to be found; it
is no longer “out of sight, out of mind.”
Secondary Circular Reaction (4-8 mos.)
- recognizes shapes and sizes, imitates others.
increased sense of separateness
*experimentation and exploration
predominate as the toddler tries out
actions to learn results
*capable of space perception, time
perception, and permanence
Coordination of Secondary
Schemes (8-12 mos.)
-object permanence now FULLY DEVELOPED
Tertiary Circular Reactions (12-18 mos.)
language provides a new tool for the toddler
to use in understanding the world.
- uses memory and imitation to act
- Initiates when model is out of sight.
- can solve basic problems
Mental Combination
(18-24 mos.)
- vocabulary and comprehension increase
greatly but child is egocentric thinking is
basically concrete and literal - static thinking
- no awareness of reversibility
- concept of time is now, concept of distance
is as far as he / she can see
Preconceptual (2-4 yrs.)
-child relies on transductive reasoning
- thinks of one idea at a time
- words express thought
Intuitive thought (4-7 yrs.)
- concept of “conservation” is learned
- child can reason quite well if concrete
- objects are used in teaching or
experimentation - aware of reversibility and decentering
- begins to understand relationships
Concrete operational (7-11 yrs)
- adult like thinking
- fully mature intellectual thought is attained
- uses rational thinking
- reasoning is deductive and futuristic
FORMAL OPERATIONAL (11 yrs. adulthood)
-externally established rules
determine right or wrong
actions
- egocentric focus
PRECONVENTIONAL
fear of punishment is reason for conformity /
behavior
Punishment and Obedience Orientation (2-3 yrs.)
-concerns with
maintaining expectations and rules of family,
group, or society
– societal focus
CONVENTIONAL
-conformity is based on egocentric and
narcissistic needs
– instrumental purpose and exchange
Instrumental Relativist Orientation (4-7 yrs)
-lives autonomously and defines moral values and principles that are distinct from personal identification with group
values
– universal focus
POSTCONVENTIONAL