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NCM 107 > Principles Of Growth And Development > Flashcards

Principles Of Growth And Development Flashcards

1
Q

Denotes a change in size, in proportion, disappearance of old features and acquisition of new ones. These changes are largely attributed to multiplication of cells and increase in the intracellular substance.

A

Growth

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2
Q

Specify maturation of functions. It is related to the maturation and myelination of the nervous system and indicated acquisition of a variety of skills.

A

Development

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3
Q

True or False
Development is possible even without growth

A

True

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4
Q

Patterns of growth and development:

A

Cephalocaudal
Proximodistal
Gross to refined
General to specific

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5
Q

Head to toe development

A

Cephalocaudal

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6
Q

Center to periphery

A

Proximodistal

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7
Q

Related to proximo distal, once a child is able to control body parts, he is able to perform fine motor skills

A

Gross to refined

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8
Q

In motor development, the infant will be able to grasp an object with the whole hand before using only the thumb and forefinger.

A

General to Specific

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9
Q

Means that certain body tissues mature more rapidly than that of others e.g. Neurologic tissue experiences its peak growth during the first year of life, whereas genital tissue grows little until puberty.

A

Asynchronous growth

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10
Q

True or False
Body parts have asynchronous growth

A

True

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11
Q

2 primary factors that determine how each child grows and mature

A

Genetic inheritance and environmental influences

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12
Q

The genetic make-up of each person is determined from the moment of conception

A

Heredity/Genetic

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13
Q

Sub-factors of Heredity/Genetic

A
  • Gender
  • Health
  • Intelligence
  • Temperament
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14
Q

Categories of Temperament

A
  • The easy child
  • Difficult child
  • Slow to warm up child
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15
Q

It is the manner of thinking, behavior or reacting to stimuli. It is NOT developed by stages but is an inborn characteristics.

A

Temperament

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16
Q

Easy to care for, adapts easily with new situations, with predictable and regular rhythm, have a mild to moderate intensity reaction, and with overall positive mood quality. (40-50% of children)

A

The easy child

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17
Q

With irregular rhythm, (-) mood quality and withdraw rather than approach new situations (10%)

A

Difficult child

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18
Q

Fairly inactive, adapt slowly to new situations, and
have a general negative mood (15%)

A

Slow to warm up child

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19
Q

Environmental factors affecting growth and development of a child

A
  • Nutrition
  • Socio-Economic Status
  • Race and Culture
  • Family
  • Prenatal Influences
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20
Q

The most influential in terms of the growth and development of the child.

A

Family

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21
Q

What does TORCH mean?

A

Toxoplasmosis
Rubella
Cytomegalovirus
Herpes

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22
Q

The term given to a group of infectious diseases that can be passed to your baby during pregnancy, at delivery or after birth.

A

TORCH
(Toxoplasmosis, Rubella Cytomegalovirus, Herpes)

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23
Q

Aspects of Development

A
  • Physical growth
  • Mental development
  • Emotional development
  • Social development
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24
Q

This includes changes in body size like the increase in height, weight
and the development of muscle control.

A

Physical growth

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25
Q

This is the test of intelligence, problem solving, and general
understanding of what to do in a given situation. The potential mental ability is
inherited and fixed at birth but the rate and extent of development is influenced by
the child’s environment.

A

Mental development

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26
Q

Numeric expression of one’s intellectual level as measured against the average group.

A

Intelligence quotient

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27
Q

Formula for IQ

A

mental age/chronological age x 100

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28
Q

IQ of 140 and above

A

Gifted child

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29
Q

IQ of 90-109

A

Average child

29
Q

(IQ interpretation)
Below

A

retardation

30
Q

Mild MR

A

50-70

30
Q

Borderline MR

A

71-84

31
Q

Moderate MR

A

35-49

32
Q

Severe MR

A

20-34

33
Q

Profound

A

below 20

34
Q

Different stages exhibit different emotional development which is continuous process in each of the stages.

A

Emotional development

35
Q

First defined in 1900 by psychologist Peter Saloney
and John Mayer. According to them this is the ability to monitor one’s own
and other’s feelings and emotions, to discriminate among them and to use
this information to guide one’s thinking and action.

A

Emotional Intelligence

36
Q

It is not the opposite of cognitive skills, rather they interact dynamically with cognitive and physical skills in order for a person to become highly functioning, well rounded
individual.

A

Emotional intelligence

37
Q

3 general parenting styles

A
  • Dictatorial
  • Permissive
  • Authoritative
38
Q

The acquisition of the ability to behave in accordance with
social expectations.

A

Social development

39
Q

This is a systematic statement of principles that provides a framework for
explaining a phenomenon.

A

Theory

40
Q

These are theories that provide road maps for explaining human
development.

A

Developmental theories

41
Q

The skill or learning process that an individual must accomplish at a
particular time in his life.

A

Developmental task

42
Q

Believes that early childhood experiences form the unconscious motivation for
actions in later life. He theorized that personality develops in five (5) overlapping stages
from birth to adulthood and believes that sexual energy is centered in specific parts of
the body at certain stage. And that unresolved conflict and unmet needs at a certain
stage will lead to becoming fixated.

A

Sigmund Freud’s Theory of Psychosexual Development

43
Q

Three structures of Personality

A

ID
EGO
SUPER EGO

44
Q

Pleasure principle, primitive drives

A

ID

45
Q

reality principle, balances the ID and SUPER-EGO

A

EGO

46
Q

Conscience and ego ideal

A

SUPER EGO

47
Q

Freud’s Five Stages of Psychosexual Development

A

Oral phase
Anal phase
Phallic
Latency
Genital

48
Q

Mouth – infants are so interested in oral stimulation
or pleasure
Age?

A

Oral phase - 0-1 yr (infant)

49
Q

Anal region – children’s interest focus on the anal
region as they begin toilet training.

A

Anal phase - 1-3 yrs. (toddlerhood)

50
Q

Genitalia – children’s pleasure zone shifts from anal
to genitals – masturbation

A

Phallic - 3-6 yrs. (preschool)

51
Q

Sexual impulse is repressed

A

Latency - 6-12 yrs. (school age)

52
Q

Full sexual maturity

A

Genital - 12 and after (adolescent)

53
Q

Each stage
signals a task that must be achieved and he believes that the greater the achievement,
the healthier the personality of the individual. What theory of development is this?

A

Theory of Psychosocial development

54
Q

Developmental tasks
are viewed as a series of crises and the successful resolution is supportive to the
development of healthy personality and individual is able to move to next stage with
particular strength, while failure to resolve the task is damaging to the ego.

A

Theory of Psychosocial Development

55
Q

According to this Swiss psychologist, ________ is a sequential, orderly process in which a variety of new stimuli must exist before intellectual abilities can develop.

A

Cognitive development

56
Q

4 phases of cognitive development

A

Sensorimotor
Preconceptual/Preoperational
Concrete operational
Formal Operational

57
Q

Three primary abilities (cognitive development)

A

Assimilation
Accommodation
Adaptation

58
Q

The process of changing a situation or one’s perception of it to fit one’s
thoughts/ideas

A

Assimilation

59
Q

The process of change whereby cognitive processes mature sufficiently
to allow the person to solve those that are unsolvable before

A

Accommodation

60
Q

The ability to handle the demands made by the environment.

A

Adaptation

61
Q

Trust vs. Mistrust

A

0-1 yr.
Infancy

62
Q

Autonomy
vs.
shame and doubt

A

1-3 yrs.
toddlerhood

63
Q

Initiative
vs.
Guilt

A

3-6 yrs
Preschool

64
Q

Industry
vs
inferiority

A

6-12 yrs
School-age

65
Q

Identity vs. Role
Confusion

A

12-18 yrs
Adolescence

66
Q

Intimacy vs.
Isolation

A

18-25 yrs
Young adulthood

67
Q

Generativity vs.
Stagnation

A

25-60 yrs.
Middle
adulthood

68
Q

Integrity vs.
despair

A

60 years onwards
Old adulthood

NCM 107 (11 decks)

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