Principles Of Growth And Development Flashcards
Denotes a change in size, in proportion, disappearance of old features and acquisition of new ones. These changes are largely attributed to multiplication of cells and increase in the intracellular substance.
Growth
Specify maturation of functions. It is related to the maturation and myelination of the nervous system and indicated acquisition of a variety of skills.
Development
True or False
Development is possible even without growth
True
Patterns of growth and development:
Cephalocaudal
Proximodistal
Gross to refined
General to specific
Head to toe development
Cephalocaudal
Center to periphery
Proximodistal
Related to proximo distal, once a child is able to control body parts, he is able to perform fine motor skills
Gross to refined
In motor development, the infant will be able to grasp an object with the whole hand before using only the thumb and forefinger.
General to Specific
Means that certain body tissues mature more rapidly than that of others e.g. Neurologic tissue experiences its peak growth during the first year of life, whereas genital tissue grows little until puberty.
Asynchronous growth
True or False
Body parts have asynchronous growth
True
2 primary factors that determine how each child grows and mature
Genetic inheritance and environmental influences
The genetic make-up of each person is determined from the moment of conception
Heredity/Genetic
Sub-factors of Heredity/Genetic
- Gender
- Health
- Intelligence
- Temperament
Categories of Temperament
- The easy child
- Difficult child
- Slow to warm up child
It is the manner of thinking, behavior or reacting to stimuli. It is NOT developed by stages but is an inborn characteristics.
Temperament
Easy to care for, adapts easily with new situations, with predictable and regular rhythm, have a mild to moderate intensity reaction, and with overall positive mood quality. (40-50% of children)
The easy child
With irregular rhythm, (-) mood quality and withdraw rather than approach new situations (10%)
Difficult child
Fairly inactive, adapt slowly to new situations, and
have a general negative mood (15%)
Slow to warm up child
Environmental factors affecting growth and development of a child
- Nutrition
- Socio-Economic Status
- Race and Culture
- Family
- Prenatal Influences
The most influential in terms of the growth and development of the child.
Family
What does TORCH mean?
Toxoplasmosis
Rubella
Cytomegalovirus
Herpes
The term given to a group of infectious diseases that can be passed to your baby during pregnancy, at delivery or after birth.
TORCH
(Toxoplasmosis, Rubella Cytomegalovirus, Herpes)
Aspects of Development
- Physical growth
- Mental development
- Emotional development
- Social development
This includes changes in body size like the increase in height, weight
and the development of muscle control.
Physical growth
This is the test of intelligence, problem solving, and general
understanding of what to do in a given situation. The potential mental ability is
inherited and fixed at birth but the rate and extent of development is influenced by
the child’s environment.
Mental development
Numeric expression of one’s intellectual level as measured against the average group.
Intelligence quotient
Formula for IQ
mental age/chronological age x 100
IQ of 140 and above
Gifted child
IQ of 90-109
Average child
(IQ interpretation)
Below
retardation
Mild MR
50-70
Borderline MR
71-84
Moderate MR
35-49
Severe MR
20-34
Profound
below 20
Different stages exhibit different emotional development which is continuous process in each of the stages.
Emotional development
First defined in 1900 by psychologist Peter Saloney
and John Mayer. According to them this is the ability to monitor one’s own
and other’s feelings and emotions, to discriminate among them and to use
this information to guide one’s thinking and action.
Emotional Intelligence
It is not the opposite of cognitive skills, rather they interact dynamically with cognitive and physical skills in order for a person to become highly functioning, well rounded
individual.
Emotional intelligence
3 general parenting styles
- Dictatorial
- Permissive
- Authoritative
The acquisition of the ability to behave in accordance with
social expectations.
Social development
This is a systematic statement of principles that provides a framework for
explaining a phenomenon.
Theory
These are theories that provide road maps for explaining human
development.
Developmental theories
The skill or learning process that an individual must accomplish at a
particular time in his life.
Developmental task
Believes that early childhood experiences form the unconscious motivation for
actions in later life. He theorized that personality develops in five (5) overlapping stages
from birth to adulthood and believes that sexual energy is centered in specific parts of
the body at certain stage. And that unresolved conflict and unmet needs at a certain
stage will lead to becoming fixated.
Sigmund Freud’s Theory of Psychosexual Development
Three structures of Personality
ID
EGO
SUPER EGO
Pleasure principle, primitive drives
ID
reality principle, balances the ID and SUPER-EGO
EGO
Conscience and ego ideal
SUPER EGO
Freud’s Five Stages of Psychosexual Development
Oral phase
Anal phase
Phallic
Latency
Genital
Mouth – infants are so interested in oral stimulation
or pleasure
Age?
Oral phase - 0-1 yr (infant)
Anal region – children’s interest focus on the anal
region as they begin toilet training.
Anal phase - 1-3 yrs. (toddlerhood)
Genitalia – children’s pleasure zone shifts from anal
to genitals – masturbation
Phallic - 3-6 yrs. (preschool)
Sexual impulse is repressed
Latency - 6-12 yrs. (school age)
Full sexual maturity
Genital - 12 and after (adolescent)
Each stage
signals a task that must be achieved and he believes that the greater the achievement,
the healthier the personality of the individual. What theory of development is this?
Theory of Psychosocial development
Developmental tasks
are viewed as a series of crises and the successful resolution is supportive to the
development of healthy personality and individual is able to move to next stage with
particular strength, while failure to resolve the task is damaging to the ego.
Theory of Psychosocial Development
According to this Swiss psychologist, ________ is a sequential, orderly process in which a variety of new stimuli must exist before intellectual abilities can develop.
Cognitive development
4 phases of cognitive development
Sensorimotor
Preconceptual/Preoperational
Concrete operational
Formal Operational
Three primary abilities (cognitive development)
Assimilation
Accommodation
Adaptation
The process of changing a situation or one’s perception of it to fit one’s
thoughts/ideas
Assimilation
The process of change whereby cognitive processes mature sufficiently
to allow the person to solve those that are unsolvable before
Accommodation
The ability to handle the demands made by the environment.
Adaptation
Trust vs. Mistrust
0-1 yr.
Infancy
Autonomy
vs.
shame and doubt
1-3 yrs.
toddlerhood
Initiative
vs.
Guilt
3-6 yrs
Preschool
Industry
vs
inferiority
6-12 yrs
School-age
Identity vs. Role
Confusion
12-18 yrs
Adolescence
Intimacy vs.
Isolation
18-25 yrs
Young adulthood
Generativity vs.
Stagnation
25-60 yrs.
Middle
adulthood
Integrity vs.
despair
60 years onwards
Old adulthood
