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T3 - GIGU Unit 1 > Principles of GI Physiology > Flashcards

Principles of GI Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

pandemic disease constitutes ___-____ million americans and more than ___ million hospitalizations a year

A

70-95

10

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2
Q

____ cancer is the 2nd deadliest cancer in US

A

colorectal

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3
Q

_____ is the 3rd leading cause of death worldwide

A

diarrhea

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4
Q

total health care costs exceeds ___ billion

A

40

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5
Q

total cost to nation for health care exceeds ___ billion

A

90

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6
Q

GI Function

  • ___ of food through tract
  • ___ of digestive juices
  • ___ of food
  • ___ of H20, electrolytes, vitamins, and products of digestion
  • ____ ____ to carry away the absorbed substances
  • control of these functions by ___, ___ and __ systems
A 
movement
secretion
digestion
absorption
blood circulation
local, nervous, and hormonal
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7
Q

digestion juices include

A 
saliva
HCl acid
gastric juices
bile
pancreatic juices
sodium bicarbonate
mucous
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8
Q

_____: breaking down to simpler products to be absorbed

A

disgestion

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9
Q

3 processes in mechanical digestion

A

chewing (mouth)
churning (stomach)
segmentation (small intestine)

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10
Q

Layers of the GI Tract…. (out to in)
_____ –> longitudinal muscle –> myenteric (auerbach’s) nerve plexus –> circular muscle –> submucosal (Meissner’s) nerve plexus –> submucosa –> muscularis mucosae –> lamina propria –> epithelial or mucosal layer

A

Serosa

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11
Q

Layers of the GI Tract…. (out to in)
serosa –> _____ _____ –> myenteric (auerbach’s) nerve plexus –> circular muscle –> submucosal (Meissner’s) nerve plexus –> submucosa –> muscularis mucosae –> lamina propria –> epithelial or mucosal layer

A

longitudinal muscle

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12
Q

Layers of the GI Tract…. (out to in)
serosa –> longitudinal muscle –> ______ (______) nerve plexus –> circular muscle –> submucosal (Meissner’s) nerve plexus –> submucosa –> muscularis mucosae –> lamina propria –> epithelial or mucosal layer

A

myenteric (auerbach’s) nerve plexus

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13
Q

Layers of the GI Tract…. (out to in)
serosa –> longitudinal muscle –> myenteric (auerbach’s) nerve plexus –> ____ ___ –> submucosal (Meissner’s) nerve plexus –> submucosa –> muscularis mucosae –> lamina propria –> epithelial or mucosal layer

A

circular muscle

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14
Q

Layers of the GI Tract…. (out to in)
serosa –> longitudinal muscle –> myenteric (auerbach’s) nerve plexus –> circular muscle –> _____ (______) nerve plexus –> submucosa –> muscularis mucosae –> lamina propria –> epithelial or mucosal layer

A

submucosal (Meissner’s)

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15
Q

Layers of the GI Tract…. (out to in)
serosa –> longitudinal muscle –> myenteric (auerbach’s) nerve plexus –> circular muscle –> submucosal (Meissner’s) nerve plexus –> ____ –> muscularis mucosae –> lamina propria –> epithelial or mucosal layer

A

submucosa

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16
Q

Layers of the GI Tract…. (out to in)
serosa –> longitudinal muscle –> myenteric (auerbach’s) nerve plexus –> circular muscle –> submucosal (Meissner’s) nerve plexus –> submucosa –> muscularis mucosae –> _____ ____ –> epithelial or mucosal layer

A

lamina propria

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17
Q

Layers of the GI Tract…. (out to in)
serosa –> longitudinal muscle –> myenteric (auerbach’s) nerve plexus –> circular muscle –> submucosal (Meissner’s) nerve plexus –> submucosa –> muscularis mucosae –> lamina propria –> ____ or _____ layer

A

epithelial

mucosal

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18
Q

the serosa is also known as the ___ layer of the peritoneum

A

visceral

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19
Q

the longitudinal muscle in the large intestine is known as the ___ ___

A

tenia coli

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20
Q

endocrines

  • all GI hormones are ___
  • released into the _____ and act on ___ cells
A

peptides
blood
distant

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21
Q

paracrines

  • some are _____ and some are not
  • ___ cells release and diffuse to ___ cells
  • can act ____ or ___ on endocrine cells
A 
peptides
endocrine
target
positively
negatively
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22
Q

paracrines

  • peptide hormone exampple
  • non-peptide hormone example
A

somatostatin

histamine

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23
Q

neurocrines

  • some are ___ and some are not
  • ___ release and diffuse to ___ cells
A

peptides
nerves
target

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24
Q

neurocrines

  • peptide hormone example
  • non peptide hormone example
A

VIP - vasopeptide inhibitory/intestinal peptide

Acetylcholine, norepinephrine

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25
Q

portal vein made from ___ and ___ ____ veins with contributions also from the right and left ___ veins

A

splenic
superior mesenteric
gastric

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26
Q

intrinsic control of the GI tract is through the ____ nervous system

A

enteric

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27
Q

enteric nervous system includes 2 nerve plexuses

A

myenteric (auerbach’s)

submucosal (meissner)

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28
Q

myenteric (auerbach’s) and submucosal (meissner) nerve plexuses are found within the ____ of the GI tract

A

GI

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29
Q

extrinsic control of the GI tract is through the ___ nervous system

A

autonomic

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30
Q

parasympathetic nervous system ____ the GI tract

A

stimulate

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31
Q

parasympathetic lets out an cholinergic hormone called ____

A

acetylcholine

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32
Q

parasympathetic releases 2 peptidergic hormones called

A

vasoactive inhibitory/intestinal peptide

substance P

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33
Q

sympathetic nervous system mainly ____ the GI tract with the ____ hormone

A

inhibits

norepinephrine

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34
Q

4 parasympathetic cranial ganglion

A

ciliary
otic
pterygopalatine
submandibular

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35
Q

mechanoreceptors in the GI tract detect ____

A

stretching

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36
Q

chemoreceptors in the GI tract detect ____ ___

A

chemical changes

HCl

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37
Q

parasympathetic and sympathetic are ____ controllers

A

extrinsic

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38
Q

parasympathetic control is carried through the ____ nerve and ___ ____ nerve

A

vagus

pelvic splanchnic

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39
Q

pelvic splanchnic provides parasympathetic to the ___ of the GI tract

A

hindgut

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40
Q

hindgut includes…

A

distal 1/3 of transverse colon to the rectum

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41
Q

post gg parasympatheti is within the ____ ____ of the GI tract

A

intestinal wall

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42
Q

all pre ganglionic fibers of both SP and PS are _____

A

cholinergic

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43
Q

5 SP ganglion

A 
corticorenal
hypogastric
sup mesenteric
ciliac
inf mesenteric
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44
Q

norepinephrine effects some ____ neurons that causes the ___ of muscles

A

intrinsic

inhibits

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45
Q

location of the enteric nervous system ____ ___ from esophagus to anus

A

gut wall

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46
Q

4 things that make up the enteric nervous system

A

cell bodies
axons
dendrites
nerve endings

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47
Q

3 innervations to the enteric nervous system

  • ____ cells
  • ____ nerves
  • ____ neurons
A

gut cells
sensory nerves
other neurons

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48
Q

integration of the enteric nervous system can occur entirely within the ____ and can function independent of ____

A

ENS

ANS

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49
Q

transmitters of the ENS can be both ____ and ____

A

excitatory

inhibitory

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50
Q

ACh has an ____ effect

A

excitatory

51
Q

NE has an ____ effect

A

inhibitory

52
Q

ACh comes from ____ neurons

A

cholinergic

53
Q

actions of ACh

  • ___ of smooth muscles in wall
  • ___ of sphincters
  • ___ salivary secretions
  • ___ gastric secretion
  • ___ pancreatic secretion
A 
contraction
relaxation
increase
increase
increase
54
Q

Norepinephrine comes from ____ neurons

A

andrenergic

55
Q

actions of norepinephrine

  • ____ of smooth muscles in wall
  • ___ of sphincters
  • ___ salivary secretion
A

relaxation
contraction
increase

56
Q

vasoactive intestinal peptide comes from neurons of ___ and ___ ___

A

mucosa

smooth muscle

57
Q

actions of vasoactive intestinal peptide

  • ___ of smooth muscles in wall
  • ___ of sphincters
  • ____ intestinal secretions
  • ___ pancreatic secretions
A

contraction
relaxation
increase
increase

58
Q

gastrin releasing peptide or bombesin comes from neurons of ___ ___

A

gastric mucosa

59
Q

actions of gastrin releasing peptide or bombesin

- ___ gastric secretions

A

increase

60
Q

enkephalins (opiates) come from neurons of __ and ___ ___

A

mucosa

smooth muscles

61
Q

actions of enkephalins

  • _____ of smooth muscles
  • _____ intestinal secretion
A

contraction

decrease

62
Q

neuropeptide Y comes from neurons of ___ and ___ ___

A

mucosa

smooth muscles

63
Q

actions of neuropeptide Y

  • ____ of smooth muscles
  • ___ intestinal secretions
A

relaxation

decrease

64
Q

substance P is cosecreted with ___

A

acetylcholine

65
Q

actions of substance P

  • ___ of smooth muscle
  • ___ salivary secretion
A

contraction

increased

66
Q

myenteric plexus of the ENS is located between ___ and ___ smooth muscle layers

A

longitudinal

circular

67
Q

function of the myenteric plexus is to control the GI ___

A

motility

68
Q

stimulatory influences of the myenteric plexus includes ____ tonic contraction and ___ contraction frequency/intensity

A

increase

increase

69
Q

inhibitory influences of the myenteric plexus includes ____ sphincter tone

A

decrease

70
Q

3 sphincters of the GI tract that are effected by the myenteric plexus

A

pyloric
ileocecal
lower esophageal

71
Q

submucosal plexus is located in the ____ layer from esophagus to anus

A

mucosal

72
Q

submucosal plexus acts to control the local environment with ____, ____ and ___ of muscularis mucosa

A

secretion
absorption
contraction

73
Q

contraction of the muscularis mucosa causes more ___ of muscularis mucosa

A

enfolding

74
Q

somatic neurons are also known as ___ ___ neurons

A

lower motor

75
Q

lower motor neurons are located in the ____ horn of grey matter in the spinal cord

A

ventral

76
Q

sympathetic pre gg fibers with synapse at ____ ganglia and have ____ receptors

A

prevertebral

nictitating

77
Q

post gg sympathetic fibers will be sensed by ___ receptors

A

andregenic

78
Q

cranial division of the parasympathetic division is mostly made up of the ___ nerve and is derived from the ____ and ___

A

foregut

midgut

79
Q

pelvic division of the parasympathetic division is mostly made up of the ___ ___ nerve and is derived from the ____

A

pelvic splanchnic

hindgut

80
Q

preganglionic parasympathetic neurons are ___ and post gg neurons are ___ and are entirely in the ___ and will synapse with ___ neurons within the intestinal wall

A

long
short
ENS
ENS

81
Q

stimulation of the parasympathetic neurons ___ the ENS

A

excites

82
Q

parasympathetic nerves also contain ___ ___ fibers 80% of the time

A

afferent sensory (GVA)

83
Q

pre gg SP neurons are ____ and originate at ___-___ vertebral levels and synapse in ____ ganglia

A

long
T5-L2
prevertebral

84
Q

post gg SP neurons are ____ and originate in ___ and innervate the ____ gut and terminate in the ___

A

long
ganglia
entire
ENS

85
Q

SP nerves also contain ___ ___ fibers 50 % of the time

A

afferent sensory

86
Q

the neurotransmitter of pre gg efferent neurons is ____

A

ACh

87
Q

the neurotransmitter of post gg efferent neurons is ____ for the PNS and ___ for the SNS

A

ACh

NE

88
Q

PNS is mostly ____

A

cholinergic

89
Q

SNS is mostly ___ but some ___

A

adrenergic

cholinergic

90
Q

excitatory neurotransmitters of the ENS (2)

A

acetylcholine

substance P

91
Q

inhibitory neurotransmitter of the ENS (2)

A

VIP

nitric oxide

92
Q

stimulation of afferent neurons causes

  • ___ of gut wall
  • non-specific ___ of gut mucosa
  • specific ___ stimuli
A

distention
irritation
chemical (HCl)

93
Q

stimulation can either excite or inhibit intestinal ___ and ___

A

movements

secretions

94
Q

local gastrointestinal reflexes have their afferent fibers from the ___ and terminate in the ____

A

gut

ENS

95
Q

local gastrointestinal reflexes affect positively or negatively ____, ____ and ___ movements

A

secretion
peristalsis
mixing movements

96
Q

long loop gastrointestinal reflexes of from the gut –> afferent n –> ___ ganglia –> efferent neuron –> ___

A

prevertebral

gut

97
Q

long loop gastrointestinal reflexes include ___, ____ and ___

A

gastrocolic
enterogastric
colonoileal

COLIC REFLEXES

98
Q

vagovagal reflexes

stomach/duodenum –> ___ nerve (afferent) –> ___ ___ –> ____ nerve (efferent) –> stomach/duodenum

A

vagus
brain stem
PS

99
Q

vagovagal reflexes controls ____ of gastric motor and ____ of secretory activity

A

decrease

increase

100
Q

defecation reflexes

colon/rectum –> afferent neuron –> ___ __ –> efferent neuron –> colon/rectum

A

spinal cord

101
Q

defecation reflex can be ____ or ___ loop

A

local

long

102
Q

the local affect of the defecation reflex causes a ____ peristalsis that ___ strong enough to cause defecation

A

mild

isnt

103
Q

the long loop affect of the defecation reflex goes to the spinal cord through the ___-___ spinal cord levels

A

S2-S4

104
Q

long loop affect of defecation causes ___ peristalsis because of the ___ fibers

A

more

PS

105
Q

pain reflexes of the GI tract causes overall ___

A

inhibition

106
Q

nervous and hormonal influences ___ function independently

A

dont

107
Q

neural activity –> ___ of hormones

A

release

108
Q

hormones –> ___ activity

A

neural

109
Q

source of stimuli of the nervous and endocrine systems are from the ____ and ___ ___ ___

A

environment

within the body

110
Q

splanchnic circulation is composed of the ___ __, ___, ___ and ___

A

GI tract
spleen
pancreas
liver

111
Q

celiac artery feeds the ___ and ___

A

stomach

spleen

112
Q

superior mesenteric artery feeds the ___, ____ and proximal ___

A

SI
pancreas
colon

113
Q

venous drainage of the splanchnic circulation

____ vein –> liver ____ –> ___ venule –> ____ v –> ___ v –> IVC

A 
portal
sinusoids
central
sublobular
hepatic
114
Q

______ cells remove bacteria

A

reticuloendothelial

115
Q

1/2 to 1/3 of nutrients are ___ and ___ in liver

A

removed

stored

116
Q

eating a meal will ___ blood flow for 3-6 hours

A

increase

117
Q

3 vasodilator hormes

A

gastrin
secretin
CCK

118
Q

2 vasodilator kinins

A

kallidin

bradykinin

119
Q

low oxygen levels will ___ metabolic activity because of high ____

A

increase

adenosine

120
Q

PNS will ___ gut activity then ___ blood flow

A

increase

increase

121
Q

SNS directly ___ blood flow

A

decreases

122
Q

if 80% of oxygen i shunted from a to v it ___ harmful due to a lot of anastomotic connections

A

isnt

123
Q

circulatory shock/decreased cardiac output/hypotension/mechanical obstruction

  • splanchnic blood flow greatly ___
  • villus tip suffers ____ death
  • absorptive capabilities _____
A

reduced
ischemic
diminished

124
Q

circulatory shock/decreased cardiac output/hypotension/mechanical obstruction problematic due to ___ CO excretion

A

decreased

T3 - GIGU Unit 1 (4 decks)

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