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T3 - GIGU Unit 1 > GI secretion > Flashcards

GI secretion Flashcards

1
Q

gastrin is secreted by ___ cells in the ___ and ____

A

G
antrum
duodenum

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2
Q

gastrin secretion stimulated by ___ digestion products and ___

A

protein

distention

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3
Q

inhibition of gastrin by ____ of antrum

A

acidification

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4
Q

response to a meal-

  • large amounts of ____ released from antrum
  • small amounts of ___ released from duodenum
A

G-17

G-34

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5
Q

gastric acid secretion is 1,500x more portent than ____

A

histamine

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6
Q

gastrin stimulates growth of ____ mucosa of stomach, ____ mucosa and ___ mucosa

A

oxyntic
duodenum
colon

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7
Q

surgical removal of antrum causes ____

A

atrophy

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8
Q

patients with gastrin secreting tumors have mucosal ___ and ____

A

hyperplasia

hypertrophy

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9
Q

___ ___ syndrome involves a gastrin secreting hormone

A

zollinger ellison

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10
Q

zollinger ellison syndrome involves a non-beta cell tumor of ____ or G cell tumors of the ___

A

pancreas

duodenum

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11
Q

symtoms of zollinger ellison syndrome

A

duodenal ulcers
diarrhea
steatorrhea
hypokalemia

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12
Q

___ causes hypersecretion of acid in zollinger ellison syndrome

A

hypergastrinemia

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13
Q

hypergastrinemia causes an ___ in parietal cell mass and constant stimulation of ____ mucosa

A

increase

hyperplastic

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14
Q

CCK is released from ___ cells in duodenum and jejunum

A

I

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15
Q

CCK stimulated by 5 things

A 
FAs
monoglycerides
peptides
single AA
acid
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16
Q

CCK causes a contraction in the ____ and relaxation of the ___ ___ ___

A

gallbladder

sphincter of Oddi

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17
Q

CCK causes ____ exocrine that is a potent stimulator of enzyme ___ and weak stimulator of ___ secretion

A

pancreatic
secretion
bicarbonate

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18
Q

CCK inhibits ___ emptying

A

gastric

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19
Q

trophic effects of CCK (2)

A

exocrine pancreas

gallbladder mucosa

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20
Q

molecular form of Secretin

A

27 AA peptide

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21
Q

27AA peptide of secretin is synthesized as a ____

A

preprohormone

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22
Q

14AA secretin is identical to ___ in kind and position

A

glucagon

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23
Q

no __ fragments of secretin, the ___ thing is required

A

active

whole

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24
Q

active form of secretin is _-____ and the tertiary structure requires all ___ ____

A

alpha helix

amino acids

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25
Q

secretin is released by S cells of ___ mucosa

A

duodenal

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26
Q

stimuli for release of secretin are from ____ in duodenum and ___ ___ in the duodenum

A

acid

fatty acids

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27
Q

secretin is natures ____

A

antiacid

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28
Q

secretin

  • ___ gastric acid secretion
  • ____ pancreatic and bile bicarbonate secretion
  • ___ pepsin secretion
  • ____ effect on exocrine pancreas
A

inhibits
stimulates
stimulates
trophic

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29
Q

Glucose dependent insulinotopic peptide (GLIP) is a member of ____ family

A

secretin

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30
Q

9 AA GLIP is identical to ___ in kind and position

A

secretin

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31
Q

GLIP is released by ___ and ___ ____

A

duodenum

proximal jejunum

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32
Q

stimulation of GLIP is from all major _____

A

foodstuff

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33
Q

___ glucose stimulates GLIP

A

oral

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34
Q

GLIP ____ insulin release

A

stimulates

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35
Q

GLIP ___ gastric acid secretion

A

inhibits

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36
Q

motilin is linear ____ amino acid peptide and it is ___ to other hormones

A

22

unrelated

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37
Q

motilin is released by ___ and ___ ____ during fasting at __ min intervals

A

dudodenum
proximal jejunum
100

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38
Q

motilin is release is under ___ control

A

neural

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39
Q

motilin ___ upper GI motility

A

stimulates

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40
Q

motilin accounts for the __ ___ complex

A

migrating motility

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41
Q

protein stimulates the release of ___, ___ and ____

A

gastrin
CCK
GLIP

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42
Q

fat stimulates the release of ____ and ___

A

CCK

GLIP

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43
Q

Carbs stimulates the release of ___

A

GLIP

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44
Q

acid stimulates the release of ___

A

secretin

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45
Q

acid inhibits the release of ___

A

gastrin

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46
Q

distention stimulates the release of ____

A

gastrin

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47
Q

nerves stimulates the release of ___ and ___

A

gastrin

motilin

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48
Q

in zollinger ellison syndrome doe not ____ the gastrin secretion

A

inhibit

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49
Q

gastrin ____ acid secretion

A

stimulates

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50
Q

secretin and GLIP ___ acid secretion

A

secretion

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51
Q

CCK and secretin ___ pancreatic bicarbonate secretion

A

secretion

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52
Q

CCk ___ pancreatic enzyme secretion

A

stimulates

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53
Q

Secretin __ bile bicarbonate secretion

A

stimulates

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54
Q

CCK ___ gallbladder contraction

A

stimulates

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55
Q

CCK ___ gastric emptying

A

inhibits

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56
Q

GLIP ____ insulin secretion

A

stimulates

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57
Q

gastrin ___ mucosal growth

A

stimulates

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58
Q

CCK and Secretin ___ pancreatic growth

A

stimulates

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59
Q

Molilin _____ both gastric and intestinal motility

A

stimulates

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60
Q

endocrines: all GI hormones are ___

A

peptides

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61
Q

endocrines are released into the ___ and act on ___ target cell

A

blood

distant

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62
Q

paracrines

  • some are ____
  • ___ to target cells
  • can act on ___ cells
A

peptides
diffuse
endocrine

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63
Q

neurocrines

  • some are ___
  • ___ release to ___ to target cells
A

peptides
nerves
diffuse

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64
Q

somatostatin is found in ___/___ mucosa and pancreas

A

gastric

duodenal

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65
Q

somatostatin is stimulated by ____ and inhibited by ___

A

acid

ACh

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66
Q

somatostatin inhibits the release of all __ ___

A

gut hormones

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67
Q

somatostatin directly inhibits ___ cell acid secretion

A

parietal

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68
Q

somatostatin mediates acid induced ____ of gastrin release

A

inhibition

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69
Q

___ and ___ causes the release of histamine from cells in the stomach

A

gastrin

Ach

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70
Q

histamine ___ acid secretion

A

stimulates

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71
Q

histamine H2 receptr blockers ____ acid secretion

A

decrease

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72
Q

VIP is located in ___ mucosa and smooth muscles and acts to ___ the smooth muscle

A

gut

relax

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73
Q

GRP is located in ___ mucosa and ___ gastrin release

A

gastric

increase

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74
Q

enkephalins are located in ___ mucosa and SM and ___ SM tone

A

gut

increase

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75
Q

___ ___: the addition of fluids, enzymes and mucus to the lumen of the GI tract

A

GI secretion

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76
Q

GI secretions are produced by ___ and ___ glands

A

endocrine

exocrine

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77
Q

daily volume of secretions from oral cavity

A

1L

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78
Q

daily volume of secretions from stomach

A

1.5L

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79
Q

daily volume of secretions from pancreas

A

1L

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80
Q

daily volume of secretions from gallbladder

A

1L

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81
Q

daily volume of secretions from small intestine

A

2L

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82
Q

daily volume of secretions from large intestine

A

.5L

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83
Q

daily volume of secretions from the whole body

A

7L

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84
Q

4 basic mechanisms of stimulation of secretion

A

mechanical presence of food
activation of enteric nervous system
autonomic stimulation
hormonal

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85
Q

saliva is secreted by 3 major glands

A

parotid
submandibular
sublingual

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86
Q

most of the saliva come from the ____ glands

A

submandibular

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87
Q

fxn of saliva:

  • keeps mouth moist for ___
  • dissolves food for ___
  • lubricates food for ___
  • improves ___ health
  • ___-___ digests starch
  • ____ acid
A 
speech
tasting
swallowing
dental
alpha amylase
neutralize
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88
Q

saliva promotes ___ for dental health

A

remineralization

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89
Q

stimuli for salivation

  • ___ in mouth
  • ___ foods that are swallowed
  • ___ sensation
  • ___
A

acid
irritating
taste
chewing

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90
Q

mucus in saliva is for ___

A

lubrication

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91
Q

ptyalin in saliva is for ___ digestion

A

carb

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92
Q

lingual lipase in saliva is for ___ digestion

A

fat

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93
Q

kallikrein is in saliva for forming ___

A

bradykinin

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94
Q

sodium bicarbonate in saliva is for ____ pH for optimum function of amylase

A

increase

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95
Q

water is in saliva for ____

A

solvent

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96
Q

initially saliva is ___ of plasma

A

ultrafiltrate

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97
Q

a stimulated gland becomes leaky and ___ ____ concentration is increase

A

sodium bicarbonate

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98
Q

mucin in saliva is for ____

A

lubrication

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99
Q

epidermal growth factor in saliva is for ___ effect on GI tract

A

trophic

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100
Q

lysozyme in saliva is for ___

A

antibacterial

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101
Q

proline rich protein in saliva is to act as ___ binding proteins

A

calcium

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102
Q

secretions of saliva from ___ cells

A

acini

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103
Q

____ cells squeeze saliva out into the lumen and ___ the flow

A

myoepithelial

increase

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104
Q

__ and ___ are reabsorbed from saliva and )) ))) are secreted by ductal cells

A

sodium; chlorine

potassium; bicarbonate

105
Q

sodium is ____ into the ductal cell from the lumen while ___ goes out into the lumen

A

antiported (active transport)

H+

106
Q

chlorine is ___ into the ductal cell from the lumen while ____ goes out into the lumen

A

antiported

bicarbonate

107
Q

potassium is ____ into the lumen from the ductal cell while ___ goes into the ductal cell

A

antiported

H+

108
Q

sodium is transported into the blood and K+ into the ductal cell by the ___/___ ___

A

Na+/K+ pump

109
Q

if there is an increased flow of saliva in the lumen, there is not enough time to absorb __ so there is more in the saliva

A

Na+

110
Q

____: more solvent than solute

A

hypotonic

111
Q

saliva is hypotonic because there is a less concentration of Na+ due to ____

A

reabsorption

112
Q

nervous control of saliva

  • PS: increases ___ ___ by CN ___ and ___
  • SP: slightly increases ____ from acini cells
A

flow rate; VII, IX

secretion

113
Q

increased secretion of saliva by the taste reflex by CN ___ and ___

A

facial

glossopharyngeal

114
Q

increased secretion of saliva by touch reflex by CN ___

A

trigeminal

115
Q

increased secretion of saliva by olfactory reflex by CN ____

A

olfactory

116
Q

increased secretion of saliva by auditory by CN ___

A

vestibulocochlear

117
Q

increased secretion of saliva by vision by CN ____

A

optic

118
Q

increased secretion of saliva by psychic reflex by ____ of food

A

thinking

119
Q

increased secretion of saliva by hormonal reflex by ___

A

aldosterone

120
Q

____ ____ increases Ca2+ entry into acini cells

A

inositol triphosphate

121
Q

____: anticholinergic drug that blocks ACh binding to the muscarinic receptors which inhibits saliva

A

atropine

122
Q

sympathetic control from vertebral levels of ___-___ causes a release of NE that bind to ___ andregnergic receptors and cause ____ to regulate saliva

A

T1-T3
beta
cAMP

123
Q

ACh from PS causes an ___ enzymatic output of saliva

A

increase

124
Q

VIP from PS causes ___ watery output of saliva

A

copius

125
Q

NE from SP causes ____ enzymatic output and ____ which leads to reduction in water output

A

increased

vasoconstriction

126
Q

secretion from esophagus

A

mucous

127
Q

increased esophageal secretion from ___ and ___ stimulation

A

PS (X)

mechanical

128
Q

gastric secretions from 2 types of glands

A

oxyntic

pyloric

129
Q

3 types of cells in oxyntic glands

A

mucous neck
peptic or chief cell
parietal

130
Q

mucous neck cells are ___ secreting

A

mucous

131
Q

peptic/chief cells produce ____

A

pepsinogen

132
Q

peptic/chief cells start ____ digestion

A

protein

133
Q

pepsinogen are activated by ___ and turn to __

A

acid

pepsin

134
Q

parietal cells secrete ___ and ____ ____

A

HCl

intrinsic factor

135
Q

intrinsic factor is for the absorption of __ and maturation of ____

A

B12

RBCs

136
Q

if you do not absorb B12 it leads to ____ and ____

A

anemia

megaloblastic

137
Q

if you dont have enough B12 you need monthly injections of B12 ___

A

intravenously

138
Q

2 secretions from pyloric glands

A

mucous

gastrin

139
Q

HCl

  • ____ zymogens
  • ___ digestion
  • ____
  • ___ pancreatic secretions
A

activates
protein
immunity
stimulates

140
Q

pepsinogen ___ proteases

A

inactivate

141
Q

mucous helps with ____ and ___

A

lubrication

protection

142
Q

ions help with ___ and act as a ____

A

digestion

buffer

143
Q

intrinsic factor is for B12 absorption in the ___ ____

A

terminal ileum

144
Q

gastrin leads to gastric secretion of ____ and ___

A

HCl

pepsinogen

145
Q

HCl inhibits ___

A

gastrin

146
Q

pepsin is a ____ that begins the digestion of proteins

A

protease

147
Q

HCl ___ the pH of chyme for actiation and optimum function of ____

A

decreases

pepsin

148
Q

___ and ___ lubricates, protects, and facilitates mixing of chyme

A

water

mucous

149
Q

___ ___: enzyme that promotes production of carbonic acid from CO2 and H20

A

carbonic anhydrase

150
Q

3 major stimuli for gastric acid secretion

A

Ach
gastrin
histamine

151
Q

5 major inhibitors of gastric acid secretions

A 
prostaglandins
acid
hyperglycemia
dietary fat
secretin
152
Q

ECL cells produce ___ to bind to H2 receptors

A

histamine

153
Q

___: decrease HCl production

A

cimetidine

154
Q

H2 receptor to trigger the secretion of ___

A

acid

155
Q

Gi is a G protein that ____ cAMP production

A

inhibits

156
Q

prostaglandins cause _____

A

hyperacidity –> ULCERS

157
Q

____: for hyperacidity; mechanism of action; proton pump inhibition

A

omeprazole

158
Q

3 phases of gastric secretion

A

cephalic
gastric
intestinal

159
Q

cephalic phase is controlled by the ___ ___ system

A

extrinsic nervous

160
Q

cephalic phase: if you think about or see food –> ____ NS (CN __) and increase in ___ and ____

A

PS
X
gastrin
pepsinogen

161
Q

gastric phase is controlled by the ___ ___ system

A

extrinsic nervous

162
Q

gastric phase is stimulated by the ____ reflex by food ____

A

vagovagal

distention

163
Q

gastric phase stimulates the release of ___ and ___

A

pepsinogen

HCl

164
Q

intestinal phase is controlled by the ___ ___ system

A

intrinsic humoral

165
Q

intestinal phase ___ gastrin –> ____ gastric secretion

A

increase

stimulates

166
Q

cephalic phase is through the ___

A

vagus

167
Q

gastric phase is through (3)

A

local nervous secretory reflexes
vagal reflexes
gastrin histamine stimulation

168
Q

intestinal phases is through ___ and ___ mechanisms

A

nervous

hormonal

169
Q

peptic ulcer disease can be due to what bacteria

A

H pylori

170
Q

H pylori colonizes the mucosal barrier and ___ killed by the acid

A

isnt

171
Q

H pylori stays within the ___ ___

A

mucosal barrier

172
Q

H pylori uses the bicarbonate to produce ___

A

H+

173
Q

H pylori breaks down the mucosal barrier exposing it to ___

A

HCl

174
Q

H pylori ___ acid causes ____ secretion

A

neutralizes

more

175
Q

H pylori causes the secretion of urease which converts urea to ____

A

ammonia

176
Q

H pylori causes the gastrin to react to H+ for ___ acid secretion

A

more

177
Q

stress ___ mucous production in duodenum

A

inhibits

178
Q

stress ___ SP activity

A

increases

179
Q

pancreatic juices:

proteases are enzymes that digest ___ and ___

A

proteins

polypeptides

180
Q

pancreatic juices:

lipases are enzymes that hydrolyze neutral fats into ___ ___ and ____

A

fatty acids

monoglycerides

181
Q

pancreatic juices:

phospholipase splits ___ ___ from phospholipids

A

fatty acids

182
Q

pancreatic juices:

- nuclease are enzymes that digests ___ ___

A

nucleic acids

183
Q

pancreatic juices:

- amylase digests ___ and ____

A

starches

glycogen

184
Q

pancreatic juices:

- sodium bicarbonate ___ pH for optimum function of enzymes

A

increases

185
Q

pancreatic juices:

- sodium bicarbonate also helps restore normal ___ of blood

A

pH

186
Q

trypsin and chymotypsin converts proteins to ____

A

peptides

187
Q

carboxypeptidase converts peptides to ___ ___

A

amino acids

188
Q

amylase converts starch and glycogen to ___

A

maltose

189
Q

phospholipases A and B convert phospholipids to ___, ___ and ___

A

phosphates, FA and glycerol

190
Q

esterases convert cholesterol esters to ___ ___

A

free cholesterol

191
Q

lipases convert triglycerides to __ and ___

A

FA and glycerol

192
Q

ribonucleases convert RNA to ___

A

ribonucleotides

193
Q

deoxyribonuclease convert DNA to ____

A

deoxyribonucleotide

194
Q

pancreas’ protection against self digestion:

  • some enzymes packaged as ___ __
  • some enzymes packaged as ___ precursors
  • acinar cells elaborate ___ inhibitors
A

zymogen granules
inactive
trypsin

195
Q

cystic fibrosis:

  • __ mucous secretion by acinar cells
  • block ducts, production of enzymes ____ get out
  • trypsinogen gets activated –> trypsin –> ___ of other enzymes
A

increase
cant
activation

196
Q

pancreatic secretion controlled by 3 hormones

A

secretin
Ach
CCK

197
Q

secretin evokes production of pancreatic fluid ___ in enzyme content but ___ in sodium bicarbonate content

A

low

high

198
Q

secretin is a potent ___ because of the presence of acid in the ___

A

stimulator

duodenum

199
Q

secretin and CCK are absorbed into the ___

A

bloodstream

200
Q

CCK goes to acinar cells –> IP3 to cause an influx of ___ –> ___ to activate protein kinases –> activation of ____

A

calcium
calbindin
enzympes

201
Q

secretin –> cAMP to activate ___ ____ –> ___ ___

A

protein kinases

aqueous secretion

202
Q

3 phases of pancreatic secretion

A

cephalic
gastric
intestinal

203
Q

cephalic phase of pancreatic secretion:

  • sight and smell via ____
  • ___ bicarbonate and ___ protein concentration
A

vagus
low
high

204
Q

gastric phase of pancreatic secretion

  • induced by gastric ___
  • __ bicarbonate, ___ protein concentration
  • via ____ or ___
A 
distention
low
high
vagus
gastrin
205
Q

intestinal phase of pancreatic secretion:

- secretin is released due to acidic ____

A

chyme

206
Q

intestinal phase of pancreatic secretion:

- cck released due to presence of ___, particularly ____, ___ and long chained ____ ____

A

chyme
proteases
peptones
long chained FAs

207
Q

bile secretion is continually secreted by the ___ and stored in the ____

A

liver

gallbladder

208
Q

___ stimulates the ejection of bile from the gallbladder

A

cck

209
Q

____ increases bile secretion rich in sodium bicarbonate in watery solution

A

secretin

210
Q

bile causes an excretion of ___, ___ and ___

A

bilirubin
drugs
toxins

211
Q

bile causes a regulation of intestinal ___ absorption

A

lipid

212
Q

bile causes an excretion of ___

A

cholesterol

213
Q

bile causes a delivery of _____ to small intestine

A

immunoglobulin A

214
Q

bilirubin is a biproduct of ____

A

heme

215
Q

bile contains ___ that will emulsify fat

A

lecithin

216
Q

fat is ___ and cannot be acted on by particles in ___

A

insoluble

water

217
Q

immunoglobulin A is found in the mucosa of ___ and ___ tracts

A

respiratory

GI

218
Q

bile salts are reabsorbed by the ____ ____

A

portal circulation

219
Q

resection of terminal ileum

  • ___ reabsorption of bile
  • ___ production of bile
  • ____
  • ___ digestion of fats
A

decrease
decrease
steatorrhea
decrease

220
Q

___ ___: major stimulus for enhanced bile secretion

A

bile salts

221
Q

chief bile pigment is ___

A

bilirubin

222
Q

composition of bile

A 
bile salts
bile pigments
cholesterol
TGs
phospolipids (lecithin)
water and electrolytes
223
Q

only __ ___ and ___ aid in digestion

A

bile salts

phospholipids

224
Q

bile salts are synthesized from ___

A

cholesterol

225
Q

function of bile salts

A

fat absorption

226
Q

bile salts emulsify fat droplets into ___

A

micelles

227
Q

bile salts: critical concentration to form micelles = _-_mm

A

2-5 millimolar

228
Q

bile salts keeps lipids in solution and transports them to ___ ___ ___

A

intestinal brush border

229
Q

bile salts circulate __-__x/day; __% recaptured; __% loss in feces

A

6-9
95
5

230
Q

cholesterol dissolution is proportional to ___ concentration

A

lecithin

231
Q

lecithin balances ___

A

cholesterol

232
Q

cholesterol stones contain ___-__% cholesterol

A

50-75%

233
Q

pigment stones contain ___% cholesterol

A

48

234
Q

4 causes of gallstones

  • ___ absorption of bile from bile
  • ___ absorption of bile acids from bile
  • ___ cholesterol in bile
  • ___ of epithelium
A

increase
increase
increase
inflammation

235
Q

brunners glands in the duodenum secretes ___ mucous

A

alkaline

236
Q

alkaline mucous from brunners glands is in response to

  • __ or ___ stimuli on duodenal mucous
  • ___ stimulation
  • GI ___ like ___
A

tactile/irritating
vagal
hormones; secretin

237
Q

brunner glands are inhibited by ___ stimulation

A

SP

238
Q

crypts of lieberkuhn contain ___ cells and ___

A

goblet

enterocytes

239
Q

goblet cells secrete ___

A

mucous

240
Q

enterocytes contain ___ and ___ that are reabsorbed by the ___

A

water and electrolytes

villi

241
Q

enterocytes also contain MANY ____

A

enzymes

242
Q

sucrase and maltase convert sucrose and maltose to ___ and ___

A

glucose

galactose

243
Q

peptidases, sucrase, maltase, isomaltase, lactase, and intestinal lipase are in the ___ ___ of the intestine and secreted by ____

A

intestinal border

enterocytes

244
Q

local enteric control of intestinal secretions is through ___ and ___ reflexes

A

tactile

irritative

245
Q

tactile reflex to intestinal secretion: ___ causes the release of mucous and ions

A

food

246
Q

irritative reflex to intestinal secretion:

  • __ causes the secretion of secretin
  • ___ and ___ causes the release of CCK
A

H+

protein/fat

247
Q

CCK can bind with receptors of __ cells can inhibit ___ ___ secretion

A

parietal

hydrochloric acid

248
Q

large intestine secretes 3 things

A

mucous
ions
water

249
Q

large intestine secretion:

- mucous for ___, ___ and an adherent ___

A

lubrication
protection
medium

250
Q

large intestine secretion:

- ions: ___ acid from feces from damaging intestinal wall

A

neutralize

251
Q

tactile control of large intestine through direct stimulation causes the release of ___ and ___

A

mucous

ions

252
Q

pelvic splanchnic nerves control of large intestine causes mucous ___ and ___ motility to distal half

A

secretion

peristaltic

253
Q

hormonal control of large intestine through ____

A

aldosterone

254
Q

hormonal control of large intestine

  • ___ na+ and cl- secretion
  • ___ k+ secretion
A

decrease

increase

255
Q

____: physiologic response to irritation leading to excess secretion of water and electrolytes

A

diarrhea

256
Q

effects of diarrhea

  • loss of large quantities of ___ and ___
  • washes away ___ factors
A

water/electrolytes

irritant

257
Q

2 types of diarrhea

A

osmotic

secretory

258
Q

___ diarrhea results from non-absorbable substances

A

osmotic

259
Q

___ diarrhea due to irritant factors

A

secretory

T3 - GIGU Unit 1 (4 decks)

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