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T3 - GIGU Unit 1 > GI Motility > Flashcards

GI Motility Flashcards

1
Q

Electrical activity of GI muscle act as ____

A

syncytium

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2
Q

smooth muscle of GI tract form a ___

A

latticework

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3
Q

large areas of smooth muscle contract as a ___ unit

A

single

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4
Q

gap junctions are low resistance pathways for ___ movement

A

ion

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5
Q

gap junctions lie between bundles of __ and layers of ___ ___

A

cells

smooth muscles

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6
Q

___ ___ - AP spreads from cell to cell

A

signal propagation

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7
Q

gap junctions are within and between ____ layers

A

muscle

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8
Q

rhythmical changes in membrane potential is caused by variations in ___ conductance

A

sodium

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9
Q

interstitial cells of canal are ____ cells

A

pacemaker

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10
Q

fixed frequency is dictated by ___ __ __ ___

A

interstitial cells of Cajal

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11
Q

variable amplitude is affected by ___/____ stimuli

A

nervous

hormonal

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12
Q

increase in amplitude then ___ spike potential frequency and strength of contraction

A

increase

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13
Q

when there is a stronger contraction there is an ___ of spike potentials

A

increase

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14
Q

when you reach threshold of ____mV and get spike potentials that cause ____

A

-40

contraction

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15
Q

stinulation of spike potentials come from 3 things

A

stretch
ACh
parasympathetics

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16
Q

true action potentials occur when ___ waves reach threhold of ____mV

A

slow

-40

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17
Q

true action potentials cause smooth muscle ____

A

contractions

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18
Q

voltage dependent calcium channels

ca++ enters –> Ca++ binds with _____ –> ___ mysoin kinase –> ____

A

calmodulin
activated
contraction

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19
Q

increased frequency ____ increase max frequency of contraction

A

doesnt

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20
Q

factors that depolarize the membrane

  • ___ of muscle
  • stimulation of what neurotransmitter
  • stimulation of ___ nerves
  • stimulation by several ___ hormones
A

stretching
ACh
PS
GI

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21
Q

factors that hyperpolarize the membrane

  • effects of ___ or ___
  • stimulation of ___ nerves
A

norepinephrine/epinephrine

sympathetic

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22
Q

stimuli of gastrin from ____, ____ and ____

A

protein
distention
nerve

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23
Q

site of secretion of gastrin is ___ cells of antrum, duodenum, and jejunum

A

G

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24
Q

action of gastrin is ____ and ___ motility

A

gastric

intestinal

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25
Q

CCK is stimulated by ___, __ and ___

A

protein
fat
acid

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26
Q

site of secretion of CCK is ___ cells of GI

A

I

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27
Q

action of CCK

  • ____ of GB
  • moderately ____ stomach contraction
A

contraction

inhibits

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28
Q

secretin is stimulated by ___ and ___

A

acid

fat

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29
Q

secretin is secreted by ___ cells of SI

A

S

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30
Q

action of secretin has a mild effect of GIT ____

A

motility

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31
Q

GIP (GLIP) is stimulated by ___, ____ and ____

A

protein

fat carb

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32
Q

GIP (GLIP) is secreted by ____ cells of duodenum and jejunum

A

K

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33
Q

GIP (GLIP) mildly ___ stomach contractions

A

inhibits

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34
Q

Motilin is stimulated by ___, ___ and ____

A

fat
acid
nerve

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35
Q

motilin is secreted by ___ cells of upper duodenum

A

M

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36
Q

motilin stimulates ___ and ___ motility

A

gastric

intestinal

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37
Q

GLIP stimulates ___ cells to produce insulin

A

Beta

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38
Q

_____ - propulsive movements

A

peristalsis

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39
Q

____ - “chopping and shearing” movements; mixing movements

A

segmentation

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40
Q

stimuli that initiate peristalsis

  • ___
  • ____ of gut epithelium
  • ____ nervous system
A

distention
irritation
PS

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41
Q

for peristalsis to occur the ___ plexus is required

A

myenteric

42
Q

atropine blocks ___ receptors and ___ peristalsis

A

ACh

decrease

43
Q

congenital absence of plexus leads to ____ peristalsis

A

NO

44
Q

pattern of mastication and deglutition is determined centrally from the ____ cortex, ____, and ____ nucleus

A

cerebral
brainstem
trigeminal

45
Q

mastication and deglutition begins as food ___ enters between tongue and palate; stimulates ____ reflex

A

bolus

swallowing

46
Q

mastication and deglutition involves contraction of ___ and ____ muscles

A

palate

palatopharyngeal

47
Q

bolus is propelled through ____, ____ and ___ in association with ___ of hypopharyngeal sphincter

A

oropharynx
epiglottis
glottis
relaxation

48
Q

mastication is caused by ____ reflex

A

chewing

49
Q

purposes of mastication

  • breaks down indigestible ___ membranes
  • ___ surface area exposed to digestive enzymes
  • ___ excoriation of the GI tract
  • ____ easy passage through the GI tract
A

cellulose
increases
prevents
increases

50
Q

deglutition is a complicated mechanism because the pharynx subserves ___ as well as swallowing

A

respiration

51
Q

3 stages of swallowing

A

oral
pharyngeal
esophageal

52
Q

oral stage of deglutition is ____

A

voluntary

53
Q

in the pharyngeal stage the trachea is ____ and the esophagus is ____; ___ ____ waves force the bolus of food into the __ ____

A

closed
open
fast peristaltic
upper esophagus

54
Q

pharyngeal stage is principally a ____ act; initiated by stimulation of the ___ ___ and ___

A

reflex
posterior mouth
pharynx

55
Q

motor impulses of the pharyngeal stage are transmitted by ____, ____, ____ and ____ cranial nerves

A 
5, 9, 10, 12
trigeminal
glossopharyngeal
vagus
hypoglossal
56
Q

pharyngeal stage occurs in less than ___ seconds and interrupts _____

A

6

respiration

57
Q

esophageal stage is ___ ___

A

primary peristalsis

58
Q

esophageal stage

primary peristalsis - occurs in __-___ seconds and is mediated by the ___ reflex

A

8-10

swallowing

59
Q

if the primary peristalsis doesnt push the bolus all the way down ___ ___ occurs by a local reflex

A

second peristalsis

60
Q

second peristalsis is mediated by the ___ ___ ___ by a local reflex

A

enteric nervous system

61
Q

upper 1/3 of the esophagus is ____ muscle innervated by ____ and ___ nerves

A

skeletal
glossopharyngeal
vagus

62
Q

lower 2/3 of esophagus is ___ muscle regulated by ___ nerve

A

smooth

vagus

63
Q

_______: swallowing of air

A

aerophagia

64
Q

aerophagia prevented by ___ ____ sphincter

A

upper esophageal sphincter

65
Q

hypopharyngeal or upper esophageal sphincter is made up of the ___ and ____ constrictor muscles

A

cricopharyngeus

lower

66
Q

LES is relaxed by ____ fibers in the vagus nerve releasing ____

A

peptidergic

VIP

67
Q

LES tonically closes preventing reflux of ___ ____ into the esophageal body

A

gastric contents

68
Q 
LES
maintenance of ton:
- difference in \_\_\_ and \_\_\_ pressure
- \_\_\_\_\_ support
- \_\_\_\_\_ ligament
- \_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_ folds
- \_\_\_\_\_ pinchcok
- modulated by \_\_\_\_
A 
intradbdominal; intrathoraci
diaphragmatic
phrenicoesophageal
esophageal mucosal
gastrointestinal
hormones
69
Q

_____ - failure of LES to relax

A

achalasia

70
Q

achalasia causes:

  • impeded flow of solids and liquids into ____
  • ___ of esophagus
  • ___ resting LES tone with lack of relaxation
  • lesions in __ __ nucleus, ___ trunk, or ___ plexus
A

stomach
aperistalsis
elevated
dorsal motor; vagal; myenteric

71
Q

GERD

  • ____ resting tone
  • ____ relaxation
  • ___ postprandial pressure
A

low
inappropriate
decreased

72
Q

factors that depolarize the membrane of the stomach

  • ___ of muscle
  • stimulation by _____
  • stimulation by ___ nerves
  • stimulation by several GI ____
A

stretching
acetylcholine
PS
hormones

73
Q

factors that hyperpolarize the stomch membrane

  • effect of ____ or ___
  • Stimulation of ____ nerves
A

norepinephrine; epinephrine

SP

74
Q

3 motor functions of the stomach

A

storage
mixing
slow emptying

75
Q

storage function of the stomach

  • distention to a limit of ___ to ___ liters
  • _____ reflex
A

.8-1.5

vagovagal

76
Q

vagovagal reflex: ___ muscle tone of the stomach wall; causes receptive ___

A

decreases

relaxation

77
Q

mixing and propulsion of food by the stomach:

  • mixing ____
  • ___ from the antrum
  • ___ contractions
  • hunger ____
A

waves
retropulsion
hunger
pangs

78
Q

______: squeezing starts from the antrum and causes food to go up and down

A

retropulsion

79
Q

___ ____: intense contractions when the stomach has been empty for several hours

A

hunger contraction

80
Q

___ ___: mild pain ensuing 12-24 hours after last ingestion of food; greatest intensity in 3-4 days

A

hunger pangs

81
Q

stomach emptying

  • ___ peristaltic contractions to not only cause ____ but also a pumping action called ____ ___
  • tonic contraction of ___ sphincter
A

mixing
pyloric pump
pyloric

82
Q

gastric emptying
- peristalsis: steadily increases in intensity toward ____; emptying occurs in ___ spurs due to pyloric sphincter contraction

A

pylorus

short

83
Q

gastric emptying

liquids - leave by ___ gradient; ___-___% empty in 1 hour

A

pressure

50-75

84
Q

gastric emptying

solids- leave stomach dependent upon ___ mixing and ___ reduction; __-__% empty in 1 hour

A

antral
size
25-30

85
Q

gastric emptying

emptying rate - regulated by signals coming from ___ and ___

A

stomach

duodenum

86
Q

gastric factors that promote emptying:

  • gastric food volume causes ___ ___ reflexes
  • ___ has mild to moderate stimulatory effects on motor functions
A

local myenteric

gastrin

87
Q

duodenal factors that inhibit stomach emptying:

  • inhibition by ____ reflexes
  • role of ___ and ___
  • other hormones
A

enterogastric

fats and CCK

88
Q

inhibition by enterogastric reflexes is caused by

  • presence of ___ and ___ chyme
  • breakdown products of ___ digestion
  • ___ or ___ fluids
A

irritants; acidic
protein
hypotonic; hypertonic

89
Q

small intestinal motility

____: stretching of the intestinal wall elicits localized concentric contractions

A

segmentation

90
Q

small intestinal motility

____: normally weak with net movement of 1cm/min; takes 3-5 hours for chyme to pass from pylorus to ileocecal valve

A

propulsion

91
Q

nervous and hormonal control of small intestinal motility

- ____ and ___ reflexes

A

gastroenteric

gastroileal

92
Q

5 hormones that enhance small intestinal motility

A 
gstrin
cck
motilin
insulin
serotonin
93
Q

2 hormones that inhibit small intestinal motility

A

secretin

glucagon

94
Q

___ ___: intense irritation of the small intestine mucosa

A

peristaltic rush

95
Q

ileocecal valve function

  • ___ backflow
  • ____ ileal emptying, thus favoring more ____
A

prevents

slows; absorption

96
Q

feedback control of the small intestine from the distention of the ___

A

cecum

97
Q

longitudinal muscles of the colon are arranged in 3 bands = ___ ___

A

tenia coli

98
Q

walls of colon folded into sacs called ____

A

haustr

99
Q

internal and external sphincters of the colon are continuous with ___ muscle

A

circular

100
Q

function of the colon

  • absorption of ___ and ___
  • storage of _____
A

water; electrolytes

feces

101
Q

_____: exposes all fecal material to colonic mucosa for absorption of fluid and dissolved substances

A

haustrations

102
Q

propulsive movements of the colon:

  • modified type of ___
  • can last for about ___ minutes during the first hour after eating breakfast
  • initiation by ___ and ___ reflexes
A

peristalsis
15
gastrocolic; duodenocolic

T3 - GIGU Unit 1 (4 decks)

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