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T3 - GIGU Unit 1 > GI digestion and absorption > Flashcards

GI digestion and absorption Flashcards

1
Q

___: process whereby complex nutrients are broken down into simpler nutrients

A

digestion

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2
Q

___ ___: consists of all the physical movements of the digestive tract breaking apart the food particles into smaller particles

A

mechanical digestion

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3
Q

___ ___: consists of all the changes in chemical composition that foods undergo in their travel through the digestive tract

A

chemical composition

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4
Q

chemical digestion usually occurs through ____

A

hydrolysis

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5
Q

20% of alcohol is absorbed in ___

A

stomach

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6
Q

80% of alcohol is absorbed in the ____

A

jejunum

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7
Q

water is absorbed at the junction of ___ and ___

A

jejunum

ileum

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8
Q

alcoholic gastritis stimulates ___ secretion and destroys the ___ ____

A

HCl

mucosal barrier

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9
Q

____ used for the absorption of B12

A

coballenin

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10
Q

villi and micovilli increase absorption by ___ fold

A

10000

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11
Q

__ __ of villi is a lymphatic capillary for fat absorption

A

central lacteal

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12
Q

blood capillaries of villi can absorb __ ___ if they are small enough

A

fatty acids

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13
Q

carbs account for approx ___% of ingested calories

A

50

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14
Q

carbs are present in __ and __ chains

A

straight

branched

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15
Q

2 major sources of carbs in the human diet

A

sucrose
lactose
starches

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16
Q

__ ___ can hydrolyze up to 30-40% of ingested starch into oligosaccharides

A

salivary amylase

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17
Q

salivary amylase normally hydrolyes less than __% in the mouth

A

5

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18
Q

salivary amylase can only hydrolyze ___ __:___ linkages to maltose, maltotriose, and dextrans

A

alpha 1:4

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19
Q

pancreatic amylase is highest in concentration in the ___ lumen

A

duodenal

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20
Q

pancreatic amylase rapidly hydrolyzes starch to ___, ___ and ___

A

oligosaccharides
maltose
maltotriose

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21
Q

oligosaccharide hydrolases are present in the brush border with highest concentration in ____ and ___ ___

A

mid jejunum

proximal ileum

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22
Q

oligosaccharide hydrolases: hyrolysis is the ____-___ step in digestion/absorption

A

rate-limiting

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23
Q

___ has the lowest specific gravity

A

lactase

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24
Q

carbs are broken down to glucose, galactose and fructose are transported to the liver by ___ ___ vein

A

hepatic portal

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25
Q

carb absorption is through ___ ___

A

active transport

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26
Q

glucose absorption in ___ and __ ___

A

duodenum

proximal jejunum

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27
Q

fructose is absorbed by ___ ___ which may be carrier-mediated

A

facilitated diffusion

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28
Q

___ follows movement of carbs

A

water

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29
Q

some carb movement by ___ ___

A

solvent drag

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30
Q

Na+ is symported with ___ and ___ from the lumen to the epithelial cell of the small intestine

A

glucose

galactose

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31
Q

the symporter of Na+, glucose and galactose is through ____ ___

A

SGLT 1

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32
Q

frustose is brought in the epithelial cell of the small intestine by ___ __

A

GLUT 5

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33
Q

glucose, galactose, and frustose is taken out of the epithelial cell to the blood by ___ _

A

GLUT 2

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34
Q

proteins are digested to __ ___ monomers

A

amino acid

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35
Q

gastric digestion:

- __-__% of protein is broken down to amino acid

A

10-20

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36
Q

gastric digestion:

- ___ splits protein into proteases, peptones, and large polypeptides

A

pepsin

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37
Q

pepsin is the active form of ___

A

pepsinogen

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38
Q

pepsinogen is activated by ____

A

acid

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39
Q

pepsin functions best at pH __-__

A

2-3

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40
Q

pepsin has ability to digest ___

A

collagen

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41
Q

intestinal digestion:

- most protein (___-___%) digestion occurs in the __ ___ __ due to ___ enzymes

A

80-90
upper small intestinal
pancreatic

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42
Q

____ and ___: digest proteins into peptides

A

trypsin

chymotrypsin

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43
Q

___: cleaves from C-terminus (carboxyl end of polypeptides)

A

carboxypeptidase

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44
Q

___: converted to elastase, digesting elastin fibers

A

proelastase

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45
Q

small percent of proteins are digested to ___ ____

A

amino acids

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46
Q

intestinal digestion:

- digestion of peptides by ____

A

peptidases

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47
Q

inside the cytosol of the intestine, the tripeptides and dipeptides of proteins are broken down to ___ ___

A

amino acids

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48
Q

__% of proteins are absorbed as ___ ___

A

amino acids

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49
Q

trypsinogen is activated by ____ to trypsin

A

enterokinase

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50
Q

enterokinase is found in ___

A

enterocytes

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51
Q

amino acids appear rapidly in the ___ ___ system

A

hepatic portal

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52
Q

dipeptides and tripeptides are brought into the epithelial cells of the small intestine and can either get changed into ___ ___ or go directly into the ___

A

amino acids

53
Q

dipeptides and tripeptides gets changed into amino acids by ____

A

peptidase

54
Q

___ are a major constituent in foods of animal origin

A

triglycerides

55
Q

____: hydrophillic and hydrophobic ends

A

amphipathic

56
Q

cholesterol is not considered fat because its not made of ____ ____

A

fatty acids

57
Q

____ digestion occurs in the stomach

A

little

58
Q

gastric digestion normally occounds for ___% of fat hydrolysis through gastric and lingual lipase

A

10

59
Q

gastric digestion begins emulsification of fat through ____ and ___

A

churning

mixing

60
Q

stomach empties chyme __ into small intestine

A

slowly

61
Q

fats are insoluble in ___ and ___

A

water

chyme

62
Q

fats are solubilized in ___ by ____, __ ___, and __ ___

A

lecithin
bile salts
fatty acids

63
Q

emulsion in the intestine is stable at pH of ___-___

A

6 - 8.5

64
Q

luminal concentration of pancreatic lipase is highest within ____ hour after meal

A

first

65
Q

emulsifying agents break fat into smaller particles in order to ___ surface area for absorption

A

increase

66
Q

bile salts enter the duodenum with gallbladder contraction usually within ___ ___ of a meal

A

30 minutes

67
Q

TGs broken into monoglycerides and FAs by ___, ____ and ___ lipases

A

lingual
gastric
pancreatic

68
Q

cholesterol esters broken into cholesterol and FA by __ ___ ____

A

cholesterol ester hydrolase

69
Q

phospholipids broken into lysolecithin and FA by ____ ___

A

phopholipase A2

70
Q

FAs and monoglycerides associated with ___ in intestinal lumen

A

micelles

71
Q

FAs and monoglycerides resulting fron fat digestion leave ___ and enter epithelial cell by ___

A

micelle

diffusion

72
Q

FAs are used to synthesize TGs in ___ ___ ____

A

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

73
Q

fatty globules are combined with proteins to form ___ within the ___ ___

A

chylomicrons

golgi apparatus

74
Q

vesicles containing chylomicrons migrate to the ____ membrane, extruded from the ___ cell, and enter a ___

A

basal
epithelial
lacteal

75
Q

lymph in the lacteal transports ____ from the intestine

A

chylomicron

76
Q

___: excessive fat in the stool

A

steatorrhea

77
Q

___ ___ disease decreases fat absorption by 50%

A

biliary tract

78
Q

____ deficiency decreases fat absorption by 66%

A

pancreatic

79
Q

ileal defect causes __ ___ malabsorption

A

bile salt

80
Q

DNA and RNA are hydrolyzed to their nucleotide monomers by ___ ___

A

pancreatic nucleases

81
Q

nucleotides are then broken apart by ___ and ___ releasing free bases, pentose sugars, and phosphate ions

A

nucleosidases

phosphatases

82
Q

nitrogenous bases, pentose sugars, and phosphate ions are transported ___ across the epithelium by special carriers in the ___ epithelium, then entering the ___

A

actively
villus
blood

83
Q

most electrolytes are absorbed along the ___ length of the small intestine

A

entire

84
Q

iron and calcium absorption is largely limited to the ___

A

duodenum

85
Q

active transport of Na+ out of the cell into the blood pulls ___ in from the bush border of the intestine due to a concentration gradient

A

Na+

86
Q

some ___ is absorbed with sodium ions

A

Cl-

87
Q

negatively charged Cl- are ___ ___ by positive electrical charges of sodium

A

dragged passively

88
Q

___ is actively secreted into the lumen in exchange for chlorine

A

bicarbonate

89
Q

___ move across intestinal mucosa by facilitated diffusion in response to changing osmotic gradients

A

K+

90
Q

as water is absorbed from the lumen, ___ is absorbed as well

A

K+

91
Q

K+ absorption ____ if water absorption is hindered, as in diarrhea

A

decreases

92
Q

iron and calcium absorption is intimately related to the __ ___

A

bodys need

93
Q

ionic iron is ___ transported into mucosal cells, binding to ___

A

actively

ferritin

94
Q

intracellular iron ferritin complexes serve as ___ ___ for iron

A

local storehouses

95
Q

ferrous iron

A

+3

96
Q

ferric ion

A

+2

97
Q

calcium is locally regulated by the active form of VitD, which acts as a cofactor to facilitate active ____ absorption

A

calcium

98
Q

____ stimulates activation of vit D by the Kidneys

A

PTH

99
Q

approximately ___L of water enter the small intestine daily

A

9

100
Q

water absorbed mostly by osmosis via ___ and ___ pathways

A

transcellular

paracellular

101
Q

normal rate of water absorption is ___-___mL/hr

A

300-400

102
Q

if bile salts arent enough, 4 vits wont be absorbed

A

A, E, K, and D

103
Q

vit ___ binds to R protein produced by saliva

A

B12

104
Q

R protein-B12 complex hydrolyzed by pancreatic enzymes and B12 binds with ___ ____

A

intrinsic factors

105
Q

B12-IF complex binds to receptor site triggering ___

A

endocytosis

106
Q

ileal flow is slowest ___ and peaks after ___

A

overnight

meals

107
Q

reabsorption of __, __ and ___ dominates in the colon

A

Na
Cl
H20

108
Q

large intestine absorb max of __-__L of fluid and electrolyte

A

5-8

109
Q

colon is able to digest small amounts of ___

A

cellulose

110
Q

formation of vitamin __ and ___ happen in the colon

A

K

B12

111
Q

overuse of antibiotics can kill the colons ___

A

fluora

112
Q

3 gases formed in the colon

A

CO2
H2
CH4

113
Q

composition of feces: ___ water, ___ solid mass

A

3/4

1/4

114
Q

comp of feces

  • __% dead bacteria
  • __-__% fat
  • __-__% inorganic matter
  • __-__% protein
  • __% undigested roughage
A 
30
10-20
10-20
2-3
30
115
Q

brown color of feces related to ___ and ___

A

stercobilin

urobilin

116
Q

bilirubin is oxidized to ___ and ___

A

stercobilin

urobilin

117
Q

some ____ and ___ is absorbed by the blood and excreted by urine

A

stercobilin

urobilin

118
Q

odor of feces is caused by products of ____ action

A

bacterial

119
Q

____ regulate small intestine, colonic fluid, and electrolyte transport

A

glucocorticoids

120
Q

____ stimulate Na+ absorption and inhibit secretion in ileum

A

opiates

121
Q

___ stimulates Na+ absorption and decreases motility

A

somatostatin

122
Q

___ increase Na+ and Cl- absorption

A

cholinergics

123
Q

___ stimulates fluid secretion via cAMP

A

VIP

124
Q

___ reduces water absorption

A

gastrin

125
Q

___/____ decrease Na, K. and Cl absorption in jejunum

A

secretin/CCK

126
Q

___ stimulate cAMP and thereby decrease Na and water absorption

A

toxin

127
Q

___ ___: tropical countries; infection; not specific; flattening of villi and atrophy of cell

A

tropical spew

128
Q

___ ____: commin in temperate regions; autoimmune; reaction of immune system; destruction of epithelial cells (decreases absorption)

A

celiac spew

T3 - GIGU Unit 1 (4 decks)

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