Principles of evolutionary change Flashcards
Kapitel 2
What is Natural Selection?
Non-random process where individuals with advantageous traits are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing their alleles to the next generation.
Kursboken:
The prime mover of evolutionary change. The name given by Darwin to what
is today considered to be differential gene replication. May more loosely be described as differential reproductive success of different phenotypes.
What is Genetic Drift?
A random change in allele frequencies in a population, often more pronounced in small populations. Includes the bottleneck and founder effects.
(Unlike natural selection, genetic drift does not take into account whether allele is beneficial or harmful to the individual)
Jesper: Genetic drift är random och har två subkategorier. Exempel är en stor asteroid.
Bottleneck effect
Founder effect
What is Gene Flow?
The transfer of alleles into or out of a population through immigration or emigration.
Jesper:
Gene flow är när en gås flyger till en annan gås population och sprider sina gener där. Som blandsaft som sprider sig i vatten (kan liknas med diffundering).
Kursboken:
The transfer of specific genes from one population to another.
Vad innebär Mendels lagar/Mendelian genetics?
- Inheritance is particulate (law of segregation) – each parent’s gamete (reproductive cell) has and passes on to offspring only one allele for a trait
- Traits are the result of combining independent alleles from the parents (independent assortment)
- The relationship between the genotype and phenotype depends on the dominance (Y) and recessiveness (y) of an allele and the composition of each trait – whether it is homozygous (yy/ YY) or heterozygous (Yy)
What is Independent Assortment?
Alleles for different traits are inherited independently of one another.
What is the Law of Segregation?
Each parent’s gamete passes only one allele for a trait to the offspring.
What is Artificial Selection?
A non-random process where humans guide the breeding of organisms to obtain desired traits.
What is the difference between Homozygous and Heterozygous?
Homozygous has two identical alleles for a trait, while heterozygous has one dominant and one recessive allele
Kursboken:
❏ Homozygous: Having identical alleles at the same locus on each of the paired chromosomes in a cell’s nucleus.
❏ Heterozygous: having different alleles at the same locus on each of the paired chromosomes in a cell’s nucleus.
What are Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs)?
Genetic variations where a single nucleotide is different in more than 1% of the population.
What is the Selfish Gene theory (Dawkins, 1976)?
Genes act in their own interest to enhance their survival and reproduction, even at the expense of the individual.
What is Reciprocal Altruism (Trivers, 1971)
A strategy where individuals help others with the expectation of receiving help in return in the future.
What is Group Selection Theory (Wynne-Edwards, 1962)?
The idea that natural selection can act on groups, favoring traits that benefit the survival of the group.
What is Kin-selected Altruism (Hamilton, 1966)?
Behaviors that increase the survival and reproductive success of an individual’s relatives.
What is Heritability?
The proportion of variation in a trait within a population that can be attributed to genetic differences.
What is the Bottleneck Effect?
A type of genetic drift where a population’s size is dramatically reduced, and the surviving individuals pass on a smaller genetic diversity.