Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Endocrine-Week 1/2 > Principles of Endocrine & Lab Assessment > Flashcards

Principles of Endocrine & Lab Assessment Flashcards

1
Q

Two main roles of the endocrine system

A

Homeostasis

Growth/Maturation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Examples of Encapsulated Endocrine glands (6 total)

A 
Pineal
Hypothalamus
Pituitary (Ant. and Post.)
Thyroid and Parathyroid
Adrenals
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Examples of Unencapsulated Endocrine glands (7 total)

A 
Pancreas (Islets of Langerhans)
Gonads
Liver
Kidneys
Heart
GI wall
Adipose Tissue
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

(Endocrine/Exocrine) is ductless, secreting signals to DISTANT targets via the blood

A

Endocrine

I think of it as “endo” stays “in” the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

(Endocrine/Exocrine) uses ducts to secrete signals to epithelial surfaces

A

Exocrine

I think of it as “exo” can “exit” the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

(Para/Auto/Intra)crine has signals that reach NEIGHBORING cells via interstitial fluid

A

Paracrine

Ex.) Histamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

(Para/Auto/Intra)crine has signals are SECRETED and act on the same cell that synthesized it

A

Autocrine

*Intracrine, on the other hand, stays inside the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

(Para/Auto/Intra)crine has signals that act WITHIN the same cell that synthesized it

A

Intracrine

*Autocrine, on the other hand, exits the cell then goes back

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Which ion mediates the exocytosis of secretory vesicles containing peptide/protein hormone/prohormone fragments from the cell

A

Calcium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Catecholamines (Norepinephrine, Epinephrine, Dopamine) and Thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) are all derived from what amino acid?

A

Tyrosine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Catecholamines act more like (protein/steroid) hormones

A

Protein

*unlike thyroid hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Which glands/organs produce Catecholamines

A 
Nervous system
Adrenal Medulla (modified nerve cells)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Thyroid Hormones act more like (protein/steroid) hormones

A

Steroid

*unlike catecholamines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Examples of Steroid Hormones (5 total)

A 
Cortisol
Aldosterone
Testosterone
Progesterone
Estradiol
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

____________________ is the precursor molecule for steroid hormones

A

Cholesterol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

_____________ enzymes act on cholesterol to synthesize steroid hormones (Cortisol, Aldosterone, Testosterone, etc.)

A

P450 (located on inner membrane of mitochondria)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Synthesis of steroid hormones occurs mainly in what glands (3 total)

A

Adrenal Cortex
Gonads
Adipose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

(Peptide/amino acid-derived OR thyroid/Steroid) hormones can circulate FREE and unbound in the blood; they have to bind to CELL SURFACE receptors

A

Peptide and amino acid-derived (polar so are soluble in blood, but can’t penetrate cell membrane)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

(Peptide/amino acid-derived OR thyroid/Steroid) hormones can circulate ONLY via carrier proteins in the blood; they can freely enter target cell and bind to INTRACELLULAR receptors

A

Thyroid and Steroid (nonpolar, so not soluble in blood, but can freely diffuse via cell membrane)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

The stronger the binding of a carrier protein to a hormone, the (slower/faster) the clearance rate and (shorter/longer) the half-life

A

Slower clearance

Longer half-life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

MOA for peptide hormones on target cell

A

Bind cell surface receptors–> trigger 2nd messenger cascade (cAMP, tyrosine kinase, etc.)

22
Q

MOA for steroid hormones on target cells

A

Enter target cells–> bind intracellular receptors–> complex binds to DNA and activate gene transcription and protein production

23
Q

(Positive/Negative) Feedback Loops are when too much of a product result in a decrease in it’s secretion; example is cortisol

A

Negative Feedback Loop

24
Q

(Positive/Negative) Feedback Loops are more common

A

Negative Feedback Loop

25
(Positive/Negative) Feedback Loops are when a product stimulates further secretion, increasing levels more and more; example is estrogen on the secretion of FSH and LH at midpoint of menstrual cycle
Positive Feedback Loop
26
In response to decreased hormone levels, the target cell (decreases/increases) receptor number
Increases ("up-regulation")
27
In response to increased hormone levels, the target cell (decreases/increases) receptor number
Decreases ("down-regulates") ("desensitization") *also dec. downstream response and can inc./dec. other receptors
28
Steps in the synthesis of what class of hormone is most likely to involve the smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Steroid (SER stores fats)
29
What can cause a positive hCG result in the ABSENCE of pregnancy
Spontaneous pregnancy loss Exogenous source (fertility treatment, hCG diet) Pituitary hCG Tumors Heterophilic antibodies (test method interference)
30
The (alpha/beta) subunit is common between TSH, LH, FSH and hCG
alpha
31
The (alpha/beta) subunit is specific for a particular hormone (TSH vs. LH vs. FSH vs. hCG)
beta
32
Endocrine cells in the anterior pituitary that produce gonadotropins, such as FSH and LH
Gonadotropic cells
33
The release of FSH and LH from the Anterior Pituitary is regulated by _________________ from the ____________________
Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH); Hypothalamus
34
How does ovarian inactivity cause inc. hCG?
Inactive ovaries (like during pregnancy) lifts off the negative feedback on the Anterior Pituitary, causing inc. FSH, LH and hCG (resulting in a positive pregnancy test)
35
GH usually peaks during the (day/night)
Night * GH release is PULSATILE
36
Cortisol usually peaks during the (day/night)
Day (especially morning)
37
Pros/Cons of hormones being bound to carrier/transport proteins in the blood
Pro: protected from degradation Con: renders hormone biologically inactive until released
38
Blood levels of TOTAL hormone means what
Total hormone= bound hormone + free hormone
39
Three classes of hormones of endocrine
1. Peptide/Protein hormones (most common type) 2. Steroid hormones 3. Amino Acid Derived
40
Describe the steps of peptide/protein hormone synthesis after gene transcription in nucleus
1. Translation of pre-prohormone w/ signal peptide occurs in "free" ribosome. 2. The signal peptide of this pre-prohormone is recognized by RER's "signal recognition particle". 3. Signal peptide is cleaved (now prohormone) and further translation and modification of prohormone occurs. 4. Post-translationally modified prohormone moves to Golgi and gets packaged into vesicles. 5. Ca+ mediates exocytosis of hormone and prohormone fragments.
41
Steroid hormones are lipid soluble and therefore ______ in vesicles
NOT stored
42
All relevant enzymes needed for steroid hormone synthesis are found in either
mitochondria or smooth ER
43
The stronger the binding of a carrier protein to a hormone, the (increased/decreased) the hormone activity and (increased/decreased) the negative feedback.
1. Decreased hormone activity (protein-bound hormone is inactive) 2. Decreased negative feedback (free hormone exerts negative feedback)
44
Receptors for FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, CRH, hCG, ADH are _______ receptors
G-protein couple receptors * GPCRs are coupled to effector proteins
45
Receptors for insulin, IGF-1, and GH are _____ receptors
Tyrosine kinase receptors * INTRINSIC receptor kinase activity leads to protein phosphorylation
46
Receptors for prolactin are _____ receptors
tyrosine kinase-associated receptors * CYTOPLASMIC receptor kinase activity leads to protein phosphorylation
47
What hormones are regulated by neural REFLEXES?
ADH (Vasopressin) and Oxytocin
48
Describe how ADH is regulated by neural reflexes?
Osmoreceptors and baroreceptors throughout the body regulates ADH release
49
Describe how Oxytocin is regulated by neural reflexes?
Nipple stimulation at the breast stimulates oxytocin release
50
Although several glands can make two or more hormones, individual cells within these glands are specialized to secret a single hormone. What is the one exception cell that doesn't follow this "one cell, one hormone" rule?
gonadotroph cells of anterior pituitary --> secrete both FSH and LH

Endocrine-Week 1/2 (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions