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Endocrine-Week 1/2 > Principles of Endocrine & Lab Assessment > Flashcards

Principles of Endocrine & Lab Assessment Flashcards

1
Q

Two main roles of the endocrine system

A

Homeostasis

Growth/Maturation

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2
Q

Examples of Encapsulated Endocrine glands (6 total)

A 
Pineal
Hypothalamus
Pituitary (Ant. and Post.)
Thyroid and Parathyroid
Adrenals
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3
Q

Examples of Unencapsulated Endocrine glands (7 total)

A 
Pancreas (Islets of Langerhans)
Gonads
Liver
Kidneys
Heart
GI wall
Adipose Tissue
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4
Q

(Endocrine/Exocrine) is ductless, secreting signals to DISTANT targets via the blood

A

Endocrine

I think of it as “endo” stays “in” the body

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5
Q

(Endocrine/Exocrine) uses ducts to secrete signals to epithelial surfaces

A

Exocrine

I think of it as “exo” can “exit” the body

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6
Q

(Para/Auto/Intra)crine has signals that reach NEIGHBORING cells via interstitial fluid

A

Paracrine

Ex.) Histamine

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7
Q

(Para/Auto/Intra)crine has signals are SECRETED and act on the same cell that synthesized it

A

Autocrine

*Intracrine, on the other hand, stays inside the cell

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8
Q

(Para/Auto/Intra)crine has signals that act WITHIN the same cell that synthesized it

A

Intracrine

*Autocrine, on the other hand, exits the cell then goes back

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9
Q

Which ion mediates the exocytosis of secretory vesicles containing peptide/protein hormone/prohormone fragments from the cell

A

Calcium

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10
Q

Catecholamines (Norepinephrine, Epinephrine, Dopamine) and Thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) are all derived from what amino acid?

A

Tyrosine

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11
Q

Catecholamines act more like (protein/steroid) hormones

A

Protein

*unlike thyroid hormones

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12
Q

Which glands/organs produce Catecholamines

A 
Nervous system
Adrenal Medulla (modified nerve cells)
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13
Q

Thyroid Hormones act more like (protein/steroid) hormones

A

Steroid

*unlike catecholamines

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14
Q

Examples of Steroid Hormones (5 total)

A 
Cortisol
Aldosterone
Testosterone
Progesterone
Estradiol
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15
Q

____________________ is the precursor molecule for steroid hormones

A

Cholesterol

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16
Q

_____________ enzymes act on cholesterol to synthesize steroid hormones (Cortisol, Aldosterone, Testosterone, etc.)

A

P450 (located on inner membrane of mitochondria)

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17
Q

Synthesis of steroid hormones occurs mainly in what glands (3 total)

A

Adrenal Cortex
Gonads
Adipose

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18
Q

(Peptide/amino acid-derived OR thyroid/Steroid) hormones can circulate FREE and unbound in the blood; they have to bind to CELL SURFACE receptors

A

Peptide and amino acid-derived (polar so are soluble in blood, but can’t penetrate cell membrane)

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19
Q

(Peptide/amino acid-derived OR thyroid/Steroid) hormones can circulate ONLY via carrier proteins in the blood; they can freely enter target cell and bind to INTRACELLULAR receptors

A

Thyroid and Steroid (nonpolar, so not soluble in blood, but can freely diffuse via cell membrane)

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20
Q

The stronger the binding of a carrier protein to a hormone, the (slower/faster) the clearance rate and (shorter/longer) the half-life

A

Slower clearance

Longer half-life

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21
Q

MOA for peptide hormones on target cell

A

Bind cell surface receptors–> trigger 2nd messenger cascade (cAMP, tyrosine kinase, etc.)

22
Q

MOA for steroid hormones on target cells

A

Enter target cells–> bind intracellular receptors–> complex binds to DNA and activate gene transcription and protein production

23
Q

(Positive/Negative) Feedback Loops are when too much of a product result in a decrease in it’s secretion; example is cortisol

A

Negative Feedback Loop

24
Q

(Positive/Negative) Feedback Loops are more common

A

Negative Feedback Loop

25
Q

(Positive/Negative) Feedback Loops are when a product stimulates further secretion, increasing levels more and more; example is estrogen on the secretion of FSH and LH at midpoint of menstrual cycle

A

Positive Feedback Loop

26
Q

In response to decreased hormone levels, the target cell (decreases/increases) receptor number

A

Increases (“up-regulation”)

27
Q

In response to increased hormone levels, the target cell (decreases/increases) receptor number

A

Decreases (“down-regulates”) (“desensitization”)

*also dec. downstream response and can inc./dec. other receptors

28
Q

Steps in the synthesis of what class of hormone is most likely to involve the smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

Steroid (SER stores fats)

29
Q

What can cause a positive hCG result in the ABSENCE of pregnancy

A

Spontaneous pregnancy loss
Exogenous source (fertility treatment, hCG diet)
Pituitary hCG
Tumors
Heterophilic antibodies (test method interference)

30
Q

The (alpha/beta) subunit is common between TSH, LH, FSH and hCG

A

alpha

31
Q

The (alpha/beta) subunit is specific for a particular hormone (TSH vs. LH vs. FSH vs. hCG)

A

beta

32
Q

Endocrine cells in the anterior pituitary that produce gonadotropins, such as FSH and LH

A

Gonadotropic cells

33
Q

The release of FSH and LH from the Anterior Pituitary is regulated by _________________ from the ____________________

A

Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH); Hypothalamus

34
Q

How does ovarian inactivity cause inc. hCG?

A

Inactive ovaries (like during pregnancy) lifts off the negative feedback on the Anterior Pituitary, causing inc. FSH, LH and hCG (resulting in a positive pregnancy test)

35
Q

GH usually peaks during the (day/night)

A

Night

  • GH release is PULSATILE
36
Q

Cortisol usually peaks during the (day/night)

A

Day (especially morning)

37
Q

Pros/Cons of hormones being bound to carrier/transport proteins in the blood

A

Pro: protected from degradation
Con: renders hormone biologically inactive until released

38
Q

Blood levels of TOTAL hormone means what

A

Total hormone= bound hormone + free hormone

39
Q

Three classes of hormones of endocrine

A
  1. Peptide/Protein hormones (most common type)
  2. Steroid hormones
  3. Amino Acid Derived
40
Q

Describe the steps of peptide/protein hormone synthesis after gene transcription in nucleus

A
  1. Translation of pre-prohormone w/ signal peptide occurs in “free” ribosome.
  2. The signal peptide of this pre-prohormone is recognized by RER’s “signal recognition particle”.
  3. Signal peptide is cleaved (now prohormone) and further translation and modification of prohormone occurs.
  4. Post-translationally modified prohormone moves to Golgi and gets packaged into vesicles.
  5. Ca+ mediates exocytosis of hormone and prohormone fragments.
41
Q

Steroid hormones are lipid soluble and therefore ______ in vesicles

A

NOT stored

42
Q

All relevant enzymes needed for steroid hormone synthesis are found in either

A

mitochondria or smooth ER

43
Q

The stronger the binding of a carrier protein to a hormone, the (increased/decreased) the hormone activity and (increased/decreased) the negative feedback.

A
  1. Decreased hormone activity (protein-bound hormone is inactive)
  2. Decreased negative feedback (free hormone exerts negative feedback)
44
Q

Receptors for FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, CRH, hCG, ADH are _______ receptors

A

G-protein couple receptors

  • GPCRs are coupled to effector proteins
45
Q

Receptors for insulin, IGF-1, and GH are _____ receptors

A

Tyrosine kinase receptors

  • INTRINSIC receptor kinase activity leads to protein phosphorylation
46
Q

Receptors for prolactin are _____ receptors

A

tyrosine kinase-associated receptors

  • CYTOPLASMIC receptor kinase activity leads to protein phosphorylation
47
Q

What hormones are regulated by neural REFLEXES?

A

ADH (Vasopressin) and Oxytocin

48
Q

Describe how ADH is regulated by neural reflexes?

A

Osmoreceptors and baroreceptors throughout the body regulates ADH release

49
Q

Describe how Oxytocin is regulated by neural reflexes?

A

Nipple stimulation at the breast stimulates oxytocin release

50
Q

Although several glands can make two or more hormones, individual cells within these glands are specialized to secret a single hormone. What is the one exception cell that doesn’t follow this “one cell, one hormone” rule?

A

gonadotroph cells of anterior pituitary –> secrete both FSH and LH

Endocrine-Week 1/2 (18 decks)

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