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Endocrine-Week 1/2 > Modules (Week 1) > Flashcards

Modules (Week 1) Flashcards

1
Q

What brain structure controls and regulates the Pituitary; acts as the link between the CNS and Endocrine system

A

Hypothalamus

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2
Q

What is released from the ANTERIOR Pituitary

A 
Growth Hormone
Prolactin
ACTH
TSH
FSH/LH
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3
Q

Oxytocin and ADH are made by the Posterior Pituitary (True or False)

A

False; STORED in the Posterior Pituitary, but synthesized in neurons in the Hypothalamus

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4
Q

Hormones are sent from the Hypothalamus to the Anterior Pituitary via what special blood vessel?

A

hypothalamic–hypophysial Portal Vein

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5
Q

__________ from the Hypothalamus stimulates the release of ACTH from the Anterior Pituitary

A

CRH

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6
Q

__________ from the Hypothalamus stimulates the release of TSH from the Anterior Pituitary

A

TRH

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7
Q

_________ from the Hypothalamus stimulates the release of FSH and LH from the Anterior Pituitary

A

GnRH (Gonadotrophin Releasing Hormone)

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8
Q

_________ from the Hypothalamus STIMULATES the release of GH from the Anterior Pituitary

A

GHRH (Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone)

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9
Q

________________ from the Hypothalamus INHIBITS the release of GH from the Anterior Pituitary

A

Somatostatin

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10
Q

_____________ from the Hypothalamus INHIBITS the release of Prolactin from the Anterior Pituitary

A

Dopamine

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11
Q

(Prolactin/Oxytocin) is released from the (Anterior/Posterior) Pituitary and responsible for milk LETDOWN

A

Oxytocin; Posterior

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12
Q

(Prolactin/Oxytocin) is released from the (Anterior/Posterior) Pituitary and responsible for milk SYNTHESIS

A

Prolactin; Anterior

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13
Q

In a patient with low ACTH/Cortisol is given synthetic CRH (cortiocorelin) and they experience a RISE in ACTH/Cortisol where is the lesion?

A

Hypothalamus (wasn’t properly stimulating the Pituitary with CRH)

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14
Q

In a patient with low ACTH/Cortisol is given CRH and they do not experience a response, where is the lesion?

A

Pituitary (not responsive to CRH)

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15
Q

Function of LH and FSH in a female

A

Ovulation

Elevates Estrogen/Progesterone

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16
Q

Function of LH and FSH in a male

A

Spermatogenesis

Testosterone stimulation

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17
Q

Example of a GnRH agonist

A

Leuprolide

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18
Q

Examples of GnRH antagonists

A

Cetrorelix
Ganirelix
Degrarelix

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19
Q

Purpose of GnRH agonists (Leuprolide)

A

Induce ovulation or spermatogenesis in Hypothalamic disorders

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20
Q

Purpose of GnRH antagonists (Cetrorelix, Ganirelix, Degrarelix)

A

Delay puberty
Prevent ovulation
Control uterine diseases
Suppress sex-steroid tumors

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21
Q

Uses for Somatostatin Analogs (Octreotide, Lanreotide)

A

Excess of Growth Hormone (acromegaly), Insulin, TSH and VIP

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22
Q

Examples of Somatostatin Analogs

A

Octreotide

Lanreotide

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23
Q

Examples of Dopamine Agonists

A

Bromocriptine

Cabergoline

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24
Q

What environmental factors stimulate GH

A 
Deep Sleep
Fasting
Stress
Exercise
Hypoglycemia
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25
Q

What environmental factors inhibit GH

A

Malnutrition
Illness
Hyperglycemia

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26
Q

How to test/diagnose for GH Excess (acromegaly)

A

Measure IGF-1

Administer oral Glucose (if decline of GH, normal; if GH stays same, acromegaly)

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27
Q

How to test/diagnose for GH Deficiency

A 
Measure IGF-1
Administer stimulus (Insulin to make hypoglycemic) (if GH rises, normal; if GH stays same, they're deficient)
28
Q

A (Primary/Secondary) disorder is when the endocrine gland itself is dysfunctional, secreting too much or too little

A

Primary

29
Q

A (Primary/Secondary) disorder is when the endocrine gland is fine, but the Pituitary gland is either under or over timulating

A

Secondary

30
Q

The Adrenal (Cortex/Medulla) synthesizes Aldosterone, Cortisol and Androgens from Cholesterol

A

Cortex

31
Q

The Adrenal Cortex synthesizes what 3 hormones from Cholesterol

A

Aldosterone
Cortisol
Androgens

32
Q

The Adrenal (Cortex/Medulla) synthesizes Catecholamines (Epinephrine, Norepinephrine and Dopamine)

A

Medulla

33
Q

The Adrenal Medulla synthesizes what hormones from Tyrosine?

A

Catecholamines (Epi, NorEpi and Dopamine)

34
Q

Role of Aldosterone (2 total)

A

Na/K regulation

BP regulation

35
Q

What stimulates Aldosterone release (5 total)

A 
Angiotensin II
Dec. fluid volume
Dec. arterial pressure
High K+
Low Na+
36
Q

Role of Cortisol

A

Increase Gluconeogenesis, lipolysis, proteolysis
Decrease bone formation
Increase BP
Decrease Inflammation/Immune function

37
Q

Stimulatory factor for Cortisol release

A

ACTH

*same as Androgens

38
Q

Role of Androgens (2 total)

A

Females:

  • Sexual Maturation
  • Libido

Males:
- Sexual Maturation (for pre-pubertal males)

39
Q

Stimulatory factor for Androgen release

A

ACTH

*Cortisol is the major regulator

40
Q

Role for Catecholamines (Epi, NorEpi and Dopamine)

A

Cardiac stimulation
BP increase
Inc. glycogenolysis/lipolysis
Decrease insulin release

41
Q

Aldosterone is synthesized and released in the Adrenal Cortex Zona (glomerulosa/fasiculata/reticularis)

A

Glomerulosa

42
Q

Cortisol is synthesized and released in the Adrenal Cortex Zona (glomerulosa/fasiculata/reticularis)

A

Fasiculata

43
Q

Androgens are synthesized and released in the Adrenal Cortex Zona (glomerulosa/fasiculata/reticularis)

A

Reticularis

44
Q

Example of a disease characterized by Aldosterone excess

A

(Primary Aldosteronism) Conn’s syndrome

45
Q

Examples of diseases characterized by Cortisol excess and deficiency

A

Cushing’s Syndrome

Primary Adrenal Insufficiency (Addison’s)

46
Q

What are factors that can increase Cortisol-Binding Globulin (CBG), and thus lead to a falsely elevated measurement

A

OCPs

47
Q

What are factors that can dec. Cortisol-Binding Globulin (CBG) and thus lead to falsely low measurements

A

Liver dysfunction (cirrhosis)

48
Q

What enzyme converts cortisol precursors (17-OH Pregnenolone and 17-OH Progesterone) into androgen precursors (DHEA and Androstenedione) in zona reticularis?

A

17,20-Des

49
Q

What enzyme converts DHEA into Androstenedione in zona reticularis?

A

3B-HSD

50
Q

What enzyme converts Androstenedione into testosterone in gonads?

A

17B-HSD

51
Q

What enzyme converts testosterone into estrogen in gonads?

A

aromatase

52
Q

What lab tests can be ordered to check aldosterone?

A

Plasma aldosterone + plasma Renin

53
Q

What lab tests can be ordered to check cortisol?

A

Plasma cortisol

24 hr urine cortisol

54
Q

What lab tests can be ordered to check androgens?

A

DHEA, androstenedione
testosterone
DNA studies

55
Q

What lab tests can be ordered to check catecholamines?

A

Plasma catecholamines

24 hr urine catecholamines

56
Q

What lab tests can be ordered to check metanephrines (epinephrine byproduct)?

A

Plasma metanephrines

24 hr urine metanephrines

57
Q

What factors will increase RENIN that also increase aldosterone?

A

low Na+ diet
Volume depletion/diuretics
Upright posture

58
Q

What factors will decrease RENIN that also decrease aldosterone?

A

High Na+ diet
Volume overload/saline infusion
Supine posture

59
Q

How much cortisol is normally bound to CBG (cortisol binding globulin) in serum?

A

90%

60
Q

How much cortisol is normally bound to albumin in serum?

A

6%

61
Q

T/F

Corisol binding to CBG or albumin affects urinary or salivary free cortisol

A

False

Neither should affect the urinary or salivary free cortisol levels.

62
Q

Cortisol is secreted in what fashion?

A

circadian pattern

  • highest in AM just before waking
  • lowest in PM just before sleeping
63
Q

Since factors that increase SNS will increase catecholamine secretion, what are these factors?

A
  • stress, excitement, anxiety
  • Drugs (antidepressants, caffeine)
  • Withdrawal states (from clonidine, ETOH)
64
Q

What is the order in which catecholamines are produced?

A
  1. Tyrosine
  2. L-DOPA
  3. Dopamine
  4. Norepinephrine
  5. Epinephrine (aka Normetanephrine)
65
Q

What is the last enzyme in catecholamine synthesis that is only available in adrenal medulla?

A

PNMT (phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase)

66
Q

PNMT is responsible for producing

A

epinephrine (from Norepinephrine)

Endocrine-Week 1/2 (18 decks)

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