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Endocrine-Week 1/2 > Modules (Week 1) > Flashcards

Modules (Week 1) Flashcards

1
Q

What brain structure controls and regulates the Pituitary; acts as the link between the CNS and Endocrine system

A

Hypothalamus

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2
Q

What is released from the ANTERIOR Pituitary

A 
Growth Hormone
Prolactin
ACTH
TSH
FSH/LH
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3
Q

Oxytocin and ADH are made by the Posterior Pituitary (True or False)

A

False; STORED in the Posterior Pituitary, but synthesized in neurons in the Hypothalamus

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4
Q

Hormones are sent from the Hypothalamus to the Anterior Pituitary via what special blood vessel?

A

hypothalamic–hypophysial Portal Vein

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5
Q

__________ from the Hypothalamus stimulates the release of ACTH from the Anterior Pituitary

A

CRH

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6
Q

__________ from the Hypothalamus stimulates the release of TSH from the Anterior Pituitary

A

TRH

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7
Q

_________ from the Hypothalamus stimulates the release of FSH and LH from the Anterior Pituitary

A

GnRH (Gonadotrophin Releasing Hormone)

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8
Q

_________ from the Hypothalamus STIMULATES the release of GH from the Anterior Pituitary

A

GHRH (Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone)

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9
Q

________________ from the Hypothalamus INHIBITS the release of GH from the Anterior Pituitary

A

Somatostatin

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10
Q

_____________ from the Hypothalamus INHIBITS the release of Prolactin from the Anterior Pituitary

A

Dopamine

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11
Q

(Prolactin/Oxytocin) is released from the (Anterior/Posterior) Pituitary and responsible for milk LETDOWN

A

Oxytocin; Posterior

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12
Q

(Prolactin/Oxytocin) is released from the (Anterior/Posterior) Pituitary and responsible for milk SYNTHESIS

A

Prolactin; Anterior

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13
Q

In a patient with low ACTH/Cortisol is given synthetic CRH (cortiocorelin) and they experience a RISE in ACTH/Cortisol where is the lesion?

A

Hypothalamus (wasn’t properly stimulating the Pituitary with CRH)

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14
Q

In a patient with low ACTH/Cortisol is given CRH and they do not experience a response, where is the lesion?

A

Pituitary (not responsive to CRH)

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15
Q

Function of LH and FSH in a female

A

Ovulation

Elevates Estrogen/Progesterone

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16
Q

Function of LH and FSH in a male

A

Spermatogenesis

Testosterone stimulation

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17
Q

Example of a GnRH agonist

A

Leuprolide

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18
Q

Examples of GnRH antagonists

A

Cetrorelix
Ganirelix
Degrarelix

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19
Q

Purpose of GnRH agonists (Leuprolide)

A

Induce ovulation or spermatogenesis in Hypothalamic disorders

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20
Q

Purpose of GnRH antagonists (Cetrorelix, Ganirelix, Degrarelix)

A

Delay puberty
Prevent ovulation
Control uterine diseases
Suppress sex-steroid tumors

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21
Q

Uses for Somatostatin Analogs (Octreotide, Lanreotide)

A

Excess of Growth Hormone (acromegaly), Insulin, TSH and VIP

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22
Q

Examples of Somatostatin Analogs

A

Octreotide

Lanreotide

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23
Q

Examples of Dopamine Agonists

A

Bromocriptine

Cabergoline

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24
Q

What environmental factors stimulate GH

A 
Deep Sleep
Fasting
Stress
Exercise
Hypoglycemia
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25
What environmental factors inhibit GH
Malnutrition Illness Hyperglycemia
26
How to test/diagnose for GH Excess (acromegaly)
Measure IGF-1 | Administer oral Glucose (if decline of GH, normal; if GH stays same, acromegaly)
27
How to test/diagnose for GH Deficiency
``` Measure IGF-1 Administer stimulus (Insulin to make hypoglycemic) (if GH rises, normal; if GH stays same, they're deficient) ```
28
A (Primary/Secondary) disorder is when the endocrine gland itself is dysfunctional, secreting too much or too little
Primary
29
A (Primary/Secondary) disorder is when the endocrine gland is fine, but the Pituitary gland is either under or over timulating
Secondary
30
The Adrenal (Cortex/Medulla) synthesizes Aldosterone, Cortisol and Androgens from Cholesterol
Cortex
31
The Adrenal Cortex synthesizes what 3 hormones from Cholesterol
Aldosterone Cortisol Androgens
32
The Adrenal (Cortex/Medulla) synthesizes Catecholamines (Epinephrine, Norepinephrine and Dopamine)
Medulla
33
The Adrenal Medulla synthesizes what hormones from Tyrosine?
Catecholamines (Epi, NorEpi and Dopamine)
34
Role of Aldosterone (2 total)
Na/K regulation | BP regulation
35
What stimulates Aldosterone release (5 total)
``` Angiotensin II Dec. fluid volume Dec. arterial pressure High K+ Low Na+ ```
36
Role of Cortisol
Increase Gluconeogenesis, lipolysis, proteolysis Decrease bone formation Increase BP Decrease Inflammation/Immune function
37
Stimulatory factor for Cortisol release
ACTH *same as Androgens
38
Role of Androgens (2 total)
Females: - Sexual Maturation - Libido Males: - Sexual Maturation (for pre-pubertal males)
39
Stimulatory factor for Androgen release
ACTH *Cortisol is the major regulator
40
Role for Catecholamines (Epi, NorEpi and Dopamine)
Cardiac stimulation BP increase Inc. glycogenolysis/lipolysis Decrease insulin release
41
Aldosterone is synthesized and released in the Adrenal Cortex Zona (glomerulosa/fasiculata/reticularis)
Glomerulosa
42
Cortisol is synthesized and released in the Adrenal Cortex Zona (glomerulosa/fasiculata/reticularis)
Fasiculata
43
Androgens are synthesized and released in the Adrenal Cortex Zona (glomerulosa/fasiculata/reticularis)
Reticularis
44
Example of a disease characterized by Aldosterone excess
(Primary Aldosteronism) Conn's syndrome
45
Examples of diseases characterized by Cortisol excess and deficiency
Cushing's Syndrome | Primary Adrenal Insufficiency (Addison's)
46
What are factors that can increase Cortisol-Binding Globulin (CBG), and thus lead to a falsely elevated measurement
OCPs
47
What are factors that can dec. Cortisol-Binding Globulin (CBG) and thus lead to falsely low measurements
Liver dysfunction (cirrhosis)
48
What enzyme converts cortisol precursors (17-OH Pregnenolone and 17-OH Progesterone) into androgen precursors (DHEA and Androstenedione) in zona reticularis?
17,20-Des
49
What enzyme converts DHEA into Androstenedione in zona reticularis?
3B-HSD
50
What enzyme converts Androstenedione into testosterone in gonads?
17B-HSD
51
What enzyme converts testosterone into estrogen in gonads?
aromatase
52
What lab tests can be ordered to check aldosterone?
Plasma aldosterone + plasma Renin
53
What lab tests can be ordered to check cortisol?
Plasma cortisol | 24 hr urine cortisol
54
What lab tests can be ordered to check androgens?
DHEA, androstenedione testosterone DNA studies
55
What lab tests can be ordered to check catecholamines?
Plasma catecholamines | 24 hr urine catecholamines
56
What lab tests can be ordered to check metanephrines (epinephrine byproduct)?
Plasma metanephrines | 24 hr urine metanephrines
57
What factors will increase RENIN that also increase aldosterone?
low Na+ diet Volume depletion/diuretics Upright posture
58
What factors will decrease RENIN that also decrease aldosterone?
High Na+ diet Volume overload/saline infusion Supine posture
59
How much cortisol is normally bound to CBG (cortisol binding globulin) in serum?
90%
60
How much cortisol is normally bound to albumin in serum?
6%
61
T/F | Corisol binding to CBG or albumin affects urinary or salivary free cortisol
False Neither should affect the urinary or salivary free cortisol levels.
62
Cortisol is secreted in what fashion?
circadian pattern - highest in AM just before waking - lowest in PM just before sleeping
63
Since factors that increase SNS will increase catecholamine secretion, what are these factors?
- stress, excitement, anxiety - Drugs (antidepressants, caffeine) - Withdrawal states (from clonidine, ETOH)
64
What is the order in which catecholamines are produced?
1. Tyrosine 2. L-DOPA 3. Dopamine 4. Norepinephrine 5. Epinephrine (aka Normetanephrine)
65
What is the last enzyme in catecholamine synthesis that is only available in adrenal medulla?
PNMT (phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase)
66
PNMT is responsible for producing
epinephrine (from Norepinephrine)

Endocrine-Week 1/2 (18 decks)

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