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508 > Principles Of Electrotherapy > Flashcards

Principles Of Electrotherapy Flashcards

1
Q

When does the flow of charged particles occur

A

When there is an Imbalance in the number of electrons located at two different points

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2
Q

What path does electricity take

A

Least resistance

flows from an area of higher electron concentration to an area of low electron concentration

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3
Q

What is a cathode

A

An area of high electron concentration

negative charged pole

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4
Q

What is an anode

A

An area of low electron concentration

positively charged pole

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5
Q

Which way does a direct current flow

A

One way

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6
Q

Which way does an alternating current flow

A

Back-and-forth

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7
Q

What is a direct current

A

Unidirectional flow of electrons that can be either positively or negatively charged

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8
Q

What is a direct current also known as

A

Galvanic current

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9
Q

Characteristics of direct current

A

Uninterrupted or constant
the flow of the current can be selected on the electrical stimulation unit from:positive to negative from negative to positive

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10
Q

What can a direct current create

A

Galvanic rash

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11
Q

What does direct-current have the potential to cause

A

Chemical reactions in the body tissues

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12
Q

What can occur at the anode

A

Acidic reaction

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13
Q

What can occur at the cathode

A

Alkaline reaction

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14
Q

What layers do chemical reactions happen in

A

Dermal

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15
Q

What do you use direct-current for

A

To stimulate the innervated muscle to prevent or reduce muscle fiber atrophy
iontophoresis
monophasic

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16
Q

What is an alternating current

A

Continuous change in direction of electron flow
flow is bidirectional
Equal balance bt two poles (neutralizes)

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17
Q

Why is there an equal balance between the two poles in alternating current

A

secondary to a constant change of directions of the charge particles

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18
Q

Characteristics of alternating current

A

Biphasic waveform
bidirectional current
maybe symmetrical or asymmetrical
maybe balanced or unbalanced

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19
Q

What is typically the most comfortable

A

Alternating currents

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20
Q

Pulsatile current or pulsed current characteristics

A

Electron flow is periodically interrupted
can be unidirectional
can be bidirectional
the flow of electrons is turned on and off in a rapid fashion
like a strobe light

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21
Q

What are the three pulsatile waveforms

A

Monophasic-One Direction
biphasic- back-and-forth
polyphasic-lots of starts and stops

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22
Q

What is a monophasic waveform

A

One phase to a single pulse

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23
Q

What is the flow of electrons in a monophasic waveforms

A

Unidirectional

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24
Q

What is the current flow in monophasic waveform

A

One Direction

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25
Q

Polarity of the monophasic wave form

A

Either negative or positive depending on the setting the therapist uses

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26
Q

What is a monophasic waveform used for

A

Direct stimulation of the innervated muscle

iontophoresis

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27
Q

What is a biphasic waveform

A

Two opposing electrical phases (positive negative)

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28
Q

What is the pulse in biphasic waveform

A

Bidirectional

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29
Q

Where is the lead phase in biphasic waveform

A

Above the baseline

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30
Q

Where Is the second phase in biphasic waveform

A

Below the baseline

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31
Q

When does a symmetrical biphasic pulse occur

A

When the two phases deviate from the baseline in an identical and equal amount

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32
Q

In what direction are the phases in symmetrical biphasic pulse

A

One phase in a positive direction

one phase in a negative direction

33
Q

What to use symmetrical biphasic pulse for

A

Multiple motor points
large muscle contraction
more comfortable to patient than asymmetrical biphasic way forms

34
Q

What is zero net charge

A

Two phases are equal in magnitude an duration

35
Q

What are positive and negative phases like an asymmetrical biphasic waveform

A

Not identical

36
Q

What is created in asymmetrical biphasic waveform

A

Net electrical charge

37
Q

What is asymmetrical biphasic wave used for

A

Stimulation of the small for muscles

negative electrode over the motor nerve

38
Q

What is Possible in asymmetrical biphasic wave

A

Physiological effects on tissue (Rash)

39
Q

Where do you put the electrode for small intrinsic muscles

A

On top of the muscle belly

40
Q

What is polyphasic waveform

A

Hey burst of three or more electrical phases

series of pulses delivered as a single charge

41
Q

What is a polyphasic waveform perceived as by humans

A

Single pulse

42
Q

What is burst frequency

A

A trade of pulses separated by an interpulse interval

43
Q

What is medium frequency current inferential

A

Alternating low-frequency current that has been modified

44
Q

What Does a medium frequency current inferential consist of

A

Two medium frequency currents (one said by machine the other by the therapist)

45
Q

What do the two medium frequency currents do in medium frequency current inferential

A

They’re transmitted almost simultaneously

electrical current paths cross and interfere

46
Q

What is a medium frequency current inferential used for

A

Pain

47
Q

What are the clinical purposes of interferential

A

Pain management
decrease edema
increased blood flow
muscle stimulation

48
Q

How to use interferential

A

For electrodes in a quadripolar configuration

49
Q

What is Russian stimulation

A

A medium frequency current

Polyphasic alternating current waveform

50
Q

What is Russian simulation used for

A

Improving athletic performance muscle mass and Force
severe weakness or atrophy
Poor endurance

51
Q

What are the electrical parameters

A

Amplitude
duration
rate

52
Q

What Is amplitude

A

The maximum amount of current or voltage delivered during a single phase of a pulse

53
Q

What is pulse duration

A

Length of time between the beginning and the end of all phases in a single pulse

54
Q

What is rate

A

The number of pulse cycles being delivered to body tissues

55
Q

What is a sensory response

A

They tell you they feel it (20-150)

56
Q

What is a motor response

A

Muscle moving(200-300)

57
Q

What is a noxious response

A

Pain (600)

58
Q

What happens as the phase duration increases

A

The depth of current will increase

The degree of chemical changes on the body tissues increase

59
Q

What is a shorter pulse and shorter phase duration cause

A

Better conductivity of the current into the tissue with less impedance

60
Q

What Determines the type of muscle contraction

A

Rate/frequency

61
Q

What is the rate for twitch

A

1-20 pps

62
Q

What is the Rate for mm contraction

A

25-50

63
Q

What is the rate to fatigue (tetany)

A

50-80

64
Q

Frequency of tens to use in acute pain

A

Higher

65
Q

Frequency of tens to use in chronic pain

A

Lower

66
Q

What is internists also called

A

Amplitude

67
Q

Does intensity vary upon

A

Person and desired effect
pain
level of contraction
adipose versus muscle ratio

68
Q

What is ramp

A

Descriptor of the rise and fall of the intensity to desired level typically 2 to 5 seconds

69
Q

What is synchronous

A

All electrodes will go off at the same time

70
Q

What Is reciprocal

A

Electrodes alternate on and off

71
Q

What is duty cycle

A

Ratio of on off times

72
Q

What will a duty cycle of 1:1 do

1:4

A

Rapid fatigue

Reduce fatigue

73
Q

Monopolar active electrodes placed (ionto)

Inactive electrodes placed

A

At target site

distance from the first

74
Q

Where are bipolar electrodes placed (tens NMES)

A

At area to be treated or along muscle belly

75
Q

Electrodes placed for superficial structures

deeper structures

A

Closer together

further apart

76
Q

PreCautions for electrotherapy

A 
Decreased sensation 
unhealed incisions 
bony prominences pain 
burning sensation 
over growth plates 
skin irritations to electricity of Gels
 demand pacemakers 
heart disease 
carotid artery 
Eyes 
unstable fracture's 
history of seizures 
pregnancy 
Peripheral nerve disorder 
rapid fatigue syndrome's 
infections 
active cancer 
DVT
77
Q

Clinical uses of symmetrical biphasic waveform

A

Quadriceps
hamstrings
muscles of the back
when combined muscle functions required

78
Q

What is electricity

A

A type of energy that is capable of producing magnetic chemical mechanical and thermal effects

508 (10 decks)

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