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MMG 2010 > Principles of Disease > Flashcards

Principles of Disease Flashcards

1
Q

Mutualism

A

Microbe helps the host

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2
Q

Commensalism

A

No perceived benefit/cost to the host

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3
Q

Parasitism

A

Hurt the host

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4
Q

Pathology

A

Study of disease. Pathogens (microbes that harm the host)

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5
Q

Etiology

A

Cause of a disease

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6
Q

Pathogenesis

A

The manner in which a disease develops

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7
Q

Infection

A

The growth of pathogens in/on the host. Doesn’t always become disease, the beginning of infection doesn’t cause a perceived difference in the state of health

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8
Q

Disease

A

Any change in the state of health

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9
Q

Infectious Disease

A

When an infection results in any change in the state of health

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10
Q

Symptoms

A

Subjective changes in body function that are felt by a patient as a result of disease

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11
Q

Signs

A

objective changes in a body that can be measured or observed as a result of disease

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12
Q

Duration

A

Average time that individuals have a disease from diagnosis until they are either cured or die

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13
Q

Acute disease

A

Symptoms develop rapidly but has a short duration

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14
Q

Chronic disease

A

Symptoms develop slowly, likely to last for a long period

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15
Q

Subacute disease

A

Intermediate between acute and chronic

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16
Q

Latent disease

A

causative agent is inactive for a time but then activates and produces symptoms

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17
Q

Incubation period

A

No signs or symptoms

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18
Q

Prodromal period

A

Mild signs or symptoms

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19
Q

Communicable disease

A

Transmit from human to human

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20
Q

Noncommunicable Disease

A

Infections that do not spread human to human

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21
Q

Zoonosis

A

Spread from animals to humans

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22
Q

Reservoir

A

Animals, humans, objects, or habitats where pathogen is naturally found

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23
Q

Vector-borne transmission

A

Insect/arthropod

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24
Q

Vertical Transmission

A

Passed mother to child. In utero/delivery/breastmilk

25
Epidemiology
The monitoring and controlling disease occurrence to promote public health John Snow (1848-1849): Mapped the occurrence of cholera in London (“father of epidemiology”) Ignaz Semmelweis (1846-1848): Showed that handwashing decreased the incidence of puerperal sepsis Florence Nightingale (1858): Showed that improved sanitation decreased the incidence of epidemic typhus
26
Endemic
Routinely detected in a population or region (e.g. common cold)
27
Epidemic
Widespread disease outbreak in a particular region/specific timeframe
28
Pandemic
Epidemic that spreads to include numerous countries
29
Emerging pathogen
Newly identified agents or pathogens that previously caused only sporadic cases
30
Endogenous Source
Pathogen came from one’s own body
31
Exogenous Source
External to host
32
Reemerging pathogen
Infectious agent that was under control but is now resurfacing
33
Incidence
Number of people who develop a disease during a particular time period
34
Prevalence
Number of people who have a disease at a specified time, regardless of when it first appeared (both old and new cases)
35
Reproductive number (R0)
Average number of people who will contract a disease from one infected individual
36
Case fatality ratio (C F R)
Proportion of individuals diagnosed with a disease who die from that disease within a certain period of time
37
Notifiable Disease
Disease that the CDC recommends reporting to government health agencies
38
Reportable Disease
Diseases on a state or local tracking list
39
Morbidity Rate
Number of people affected in relation to the total population in a given time period
40
Mortality Rate
Number of deaths from a disease in relation to the total population in a given time period
41
Describe how Robert Koch helped shape the germ theory of disease and list his postulates of disease
Robert Koch (1843-1910). German physician. Identified Bacillus anthracis as the cause of anthrax, developed Koch’s Postulates (methodology to determine the specific etiological agent of an infectious disease). 1. Every diseased individual harbors the pathogen 2. Pathogen can be isolated and cultured in the lab (sometimes culturing is very hard) 3. Take a pure culture of the isolate and inject into healthy individuals of the same population, confirm they contract the same disease 4. Confirm the same pathogen is present by isolating from new diseased individual
42
Epidemiological Triangle
Overlap of host, environmental, and etiological agent factors
43
Contagious Disease
Easily transmitted from one host to the next
44
Asymptomatic Carriers
No signs/symptoms of infection
45
Incubatory Carriers
Transmit the pathogen during the prodromal phase (before signs and symptoms begin)
46
Convalescent Carriers
Have recovered but remain capable of transmitting the pathogen to others
47
Chronic Carriers
Harbor pathogen for months-years after initial infection and are often referred to as being “colonized”
48
Compare communicable/noncommunicable disease
Communicable means it spreads from person to person, noncommunicable means it doesn't
49
Compare acute/chronic disease
In acute disease, symptoms come on rapidly and the disease usually resolves relatively quickly, but in chronic disease, the symptoms come on slowly and the disease lasts a long time
50
Compare endemic/sporadic disease
51
Compare pandemic/epidemic disease
An epidemic is widespread disease in a particular region in a specific time frame, and a pandemic is an epidemic that spans multiple countries
52
Compare endogenous/exogenous
Endogenous means it came from the host (AKA you got the pathogen from your own body), while exogenous means it came from an external source
53
Describe the various modes of transmission: Direct Contact
Person to Person Transmission: touching, saliva, sex Zoonotic Transmission: contact with animals/product Includes bites/scratches Vertical Transmission: Passed mother to child In utero/delivery/breastmilk
54
Describe the various modes of transmission: Indirect Contact
Airborne Transmission: airborne particles carry pathogen; travel far Droplet Transmission: droplets expelled from nose/mouth; travel 3-18 ft Foodborne Transmission: food and/or water carry pathogen; AKA (oral-fecal transmission) Vector-borne Transmission: insect/arthropod
55
Put the following in proper sequence, according to the pattern of disease: period of decline, period of convalescence, period of illness, prodromal period, incubation period
1. Incubation period 2. Prodromal period 3. Period of illness 4. Period of decline 5. Period of convalescence
56
Contrast human, animal, and nonliving reservoirs, and give one example of each
57
Define healthcare-associated infections and explain their importance
58
List several probable reasons for emerging infectious diseases, and name one example for each reason

MMG 2010 (18 decks)

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