Fungi

Question 1

Describe the general structure and function of the nucleus

Answer 1

Holds genetic material

Question 2

Describe the general structure and function of mitochondria

Answer 2

Powerhouse of the cell

Question 3

Describe the general structure and function of a chloroplast

Answer 3

Holds chlorophyll; does photosynthesis

Question 4

Describe the general structure and function of a ribosome

Answer 4

Synthesizes proteins

Question 5

Describe the general structure and function of the endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 5

Lots of layers; rough ER synthesizes proteins and smooth ER synthesizes lipids

Question 6

Describe the general structure and function of the golgi apparatus

Answer 6

Vesicle that packages things

Question 7

Describe the general structure and function of a lysosome

Answer 7

Digests waste

Question 8

Describe the general structure and function of the cytoskeleton

Answer 8

structure that helps the cell maintain its shape and internal organization

Question 9

Define fungi

Answer 9

Any group of spore-producing organisms feeding on organic matter; part of the Fungi kingdom

Question 10

Define yeast

Answer 10

A microscopic unicellular fungus; usually facultative anaerobes; that reproduce by budding and are capable of fermentation

Question 11

Define mold

Answer 11

Usually aerobic multicellular filamentous fungi

Question 12

Define thallus

Answer 12

An organism with no apical growth (not differentiated into stem and leaves or whatever); lacks true roots and a vascular system

Question 13

Define mycelium

Answer 13

The vegetative part of a fungus, consisting of a network of hyphae

Question 14

Define conidia

Answer 14

A spore in asexual or sexual reproduction that detaches from the parent and germinates into a new mold

Question 15

Define hypha

Answer 15

Long filament structures that absorb nutrients or are used for reproductive function

Question 16

Define ascus

Answer 16

Sac containing ascospores (the reproductive spore of ascomycota)

Question 17

Define Basidiospores

Answer 17

A sexually produced fungal spore from the phylum Basidiomycota

Question 18

Define Zygospores

Answer 18

A sexually produced fungal spore from the phylum Mucoromycota

Question 19

Define plasmogamy

Answer 19

haploid donor nucleus (+) penetrates cytoplasm of recipient cell (-)

Question 20

Karyogamy

Answer 20

(+) and (-) nuclei fuse to form diploid zygote

Question 21

Meiosis

Answer 21

diploid nucleus produces haploid nuclei (sexual spores)

Question 22

Mycosis

Answer 22

The stage of fungal sexual reproduction in which two haploid nuclei fuse to form a diploid zygote

Question 23

List the defining characteristics of fungi; differentiate fungi from bacteria

Answer 23

Fungi:
Eukaryotic
Sterols present in cell membrane
Cell walls contain chitin; glucans; mannans
Sexual and asexual reproductive spores
Metabolism: Limited to heterotrophic; aerobic, facultatively anaerobic

Bacteria:
Prokaryotic
Sterols absent, except in mycoplasma
Cell walls contain peptidoglycan
Endospores (not for reproduction); some asexual reproductive spores
Metabolism: Heterotrophic, autotrophic; aerobic, facultatively anaerobic, anaerobic

Question 24

medically important phyla

Answer 24

Mucoromycota
Microsporidia
Ascomycota
Basidiomycota

Question 25

Mucoromycota Reproduction

Answer 25

Produced asexually: sporangiospore Produced sexually: zygospore

Question 26

Microsporidia Reproduction

Answer 26

Produced asexually: sporangiospore Produced sexually: none observed

Question 27

Ascomycota Reproduction

Answer 27

Produced asexually: conidiospore Produced sexually: ascospore

Question 28

Basidiomycota Reproduction

Answer 28

Produced asexually: conidiospores Produced sexually: basidiospores

Question 29

Systemic mycoses

Answer 29

deep within the body, affecting tissues/organs

Question 30

Subcutaneous mycoses

Answer 30

beneath the skin

Question 31

Cutaneous mycoses

Answer 31

affect hair, skin, and nails

Question 32

Superficial mycoses

Answer 32

localized (e.g. hair shafts)

Question 33

Opportunistic mycoses

Answer 33

fungi harmless in normal habitat but pathogenic in a compromised host

Question 34

Describe the life cycle of a Mucoromycete

Answer 34

Asexual: A hypha produces a sporangium, which bursts to release sporangiospores. A sporangiospore germinates and produces hyphae; a vegetative mycelium grows. Sexual: Gametes form at the top of a hypha and plasmogamy occurs. A zygospore forms and karyogamy and meiosis occurs. The zygote produces a sporangium, which then releases spores, and the whole thing starts all over.

Question 35

Describe the life cycle of a Microsporidian

Answer 35

Only asexual reproduction: Sporangiospores are ingested or inhaled by an organism, and the spore injects a tube into the host cell. The spore’s cytoplasm and nucleus travels through the tube and into the host cell. The cytoplasm grows and the nuclei reproduce. The cytoplasm breaks up to form spores, which are then released by the cell.

Question 36

Describe the life cycle of an ascomycete

Answer 36

Asexual: a hypha produces a conidiophore, and conidia are released form it. A conidium germinates to produce a hyphae; vegetative mycelium grows. Sexual: from the mycelium, plasmogamy occurs, then karyogamy (an ascus forms), then meiosis then mitosis. The ascus opens to release ascospores, and the ascospores can germinate to produce hyphae.

Question 37

Describe the life cycle of a basidiomycete

Answer 37

Asexual: A hyphal fragment breaks off vegetative mycelium, and the fragment grows to produce new mycelium. Sexual: Plasmogamy occurs from the vegetative mycelium. A fruiting sturtuce (“mushroom”) develops. Karyogamy occurs, and Basidia form diploid nuclei. Basidiospores are formed by meiosis, then they mature and are discharged. They can germinate and produce hyphae.

Question 38

Yeasts

Answer 38

nonfilamentous and unicellular. Budding yeasts divide unevenly and fission yeasts divide evenly.

Question 39

Molds

Answer 39

multicellular filamentous fungi that are usually aerobic.

Question 40

Dimorphic fungi

Answer 40

grow as molds below 37 degrees C and as yeast above.

Question 41

Explain how hyphae and spores relate to fungal growth

Answer 41

Spores can germinate to make hyphae, which can grow to create mycelium.