principles of clinical practice - clinical problem solving

Question 1

3 causes of shock

Answer 1

not enough blood to carry O2, blood cant carry enough O2, or the tissues cant use the O2

Question 2

hypovolaemic shock

Answer 2

most common shock, caused by decreased blood volume

Question 3

distributive shock

Answer 3

blood in the wrong places due to inapropriate vasodilation. possibly a result of anaphylaxis or sepsis

Question 4

cardiogenic shock

Answer 4

heart fails to pump blood effectively

Question 5

4 types of shock

Answer 5

hypovolaemic, distributive, cardiogenic and obstructive

Question 6

obstructive shock

Answer 6

obstruction to blood flow

Question 7

pulse examination

Answer 7

rate, rhythm, pulse profile and synchronisity with heart beat

Question 8

pulse profile

Answer 8

a graph showing the height as the strength and the length as the duration or the pulse (indicates blood volume)

Question 9

weight loss can be with

Answer 9

decreased appetite or normal/increased appetite

Question 10

decreased appetite can be due to

Answer 10

true anorexia, mouth pain etc

Question 11

true anorexia can be due to

Answer 11

feeding centre signals, CNS disease, or 2ndary to something else

Question 12

feeding centres cause anorexia due to

Answer 12

blood glucose levels, pyrexia, metabolic products or stress

Question 13

weight loss with increased/normal appetite with

Answer 13

abnormal or normal faeces

Question 14

weight loss with normal/increased appetite and abnormal faeces indicates

Answer 14

maldigestion or malabsorption

Question 15

weight loss with normal/increased appetite and normal faeces indicates

Answer 15

malutelisation

Question 16

maldigestion can be due to

Answer 16

exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, 2* enzyme deficiency, decreased bile acid, or decreased brush border enzymes

Question 17

malabsorption can be due to

Answer 17

1* GI disease or 2* GI disease

Question 18

1* GI disease causing malabsorption includes

Answer 18

infiltrative disease of gut wall

Question 19

infiltrative disease of gut wall includes

Answer 19

inflammatory bowel disease, gastrointestinal lymphoma, lympangiectasia, severe small intestinal bacterial overgrowth

Question 20

lymphangiectasia

Answer 20

pathological dilation of lymph vessles, causing decreased lymph flow

Question 21

2* GI disease causing malabsorption includes

Answer 21

metabolic disorders such as hepatic disease or hyperthyroidism

Question 22

malutelisation due to

Answer 22

failure to use nutrients or nutrient loss post digestion

Question 23

weight loss with normal poo and normal appetite indicates

Answer 23

congestive heart failure, dirofilariasis, neoplasia, liver or renal disease

Question 24

dirofilaria

Answer 24

heart worm

Question 25

weight loss with normal poo and increased appetite indicates

Answer 25

diabetes melitus (decreased glucose), hyperthyroidism, or hyperadrenocorticism

Question 26

cow heart rate

Answer 26

48-84 beats per min

Question 27

cow resp rate

Answer 27

10 - 30 breaths per min

Question 28

4 cow lymph nodes

Answer 28

submandibular, superficial, prescapular and retropharyngeal

Question 29

where cow superficial lymph node

Answer 29

in front of knee

Question 30

where cow submandibular lymph node

Answer 30

deep behind tendon and jaw

Question 31

where cow retropharyngeal lymph node

Answer 31

behind larynx, you should be able to normally pinch fingers behind larynx

Question 32

rumenal movement rate

Answer 32

2 per minute

Question 33

where is the reticulum

Answer 33

left ventral cranial

Question 34

where abomasum

Answer 34

ventral

Question 35

function of cow withers test

Answer 35

test for abdominal pain

Question 36

how cow withers test

Answer 36

pinch the withers cow should reflexively dip down, if there is pain you will hear a grunt.

Question 37

horse trochlear groove

Answer 37

along neck, you can raise trochlear vein here.