Diagnostic imaging/clinical pathology Flashcards
blood smears are used to
protect blood cell morphology
blood smear storage
room temp
2 areas of blood smear
- feathered edges
- monolayer
manual estimate of cell numbers on smear how to
count 10 fields then average results
ghost cells
- RBC without haemoglobin, so its empty
- indicates immune mediated anaemia
2 reasons for regenerative anaemia
- hameolysis
- haemorrhage
agglutination of RBC indicates
immune mediated anaemia
rouleaux
an artefact where RBCs are stacked on the slide (not agglutination)
microcytosis define
small RBC
leptocyte
- thin or flattened RBC with donut shaped pigment in the middle
leptocytosis
leptocytes in blood
with decreased iron you will see 2 things
leptocytosis
microcytosis
acanthocytes
RBC with club like projections from membranes
- indicates damage in circulation
heinz bodies
- membranes of RBS that are fused causing bulging
- caused by onions, paracetamol
leukocyte left shift
- younger less segmented lymphocytes that enter circulation
- regenerative
right shift leukocyte
- older hypersegmentation
- as cant leave circulation
biochemistry shows
organ function
for biochemistry analysis use
serum
plasma will have a higher …. then serum
total protein
increased protein indicates (3)
- dehydration
- inflammation
- neoplasia
decreased protein indicates (3)
- protein loss
- decreased syntheses
- dilution
increased albumin indicates
dehydration
decreased albumin indicates (3)
- increased loss
- decreased synthesis
- escape into 3rd spaces
how are globulins seperated
electrophoresis
a polyclonal increase (all types) in blobulins indicates
inflammation
a monoclonal (one type) increase in globulins indicates
neoplasia
3 liver enzymes
- ALT
- ALP
- GLDH
where ALT is usually found
hepatocytes
where ALP is usually found
biliary ducts
what an increase in ALT indicates
liver injury
what ALP indicates
bile duct obstruction
what GLDH indicates
large animal hepatic cell damage
an increase in amylase and lipase in the dog indicates (2)
- pancreatitis
- renal insufficiency
where are amylase and lipase produced
pancreas
what do urea and creatinine indicate
glomerular filtration
whats creatinine made from
creatine in muscles
azotemia can be 3 things
- pre renal
- renal
- post renal
USG of dog with azotemia
1.030
USG of cat with azotemia
1.035
USG of horse with azotemia
1.025
distinguishing between pre renal/ post renal and renal azotemia
look to see if the USG is appropriate for an animal with azotemia. if its low then is due to renal failure
cause of pre renal azotemia
dehydration
cause of post renal azotemia
obstruction
what you look at in ruminants for indicator of kidney function
- creatinine
- urea isnt reliable in ruminants
sodium is the main ion in…
extracellular fluid
normonatraemia
normal sodium in water
hypernatraemia
increased sodium in water
hyponatraemia
decreased sodium in water
potassium is the main ion in..
intracellular spaces
increase in potassium indicates (3)
- renal failure
- hypoadrenocortcism
- leaks from cells due to tissue damage
decreased potassium indicates (2)
- loss
- decreased intake
chloride changes with..
sodium
what is the active form of calcium
free calcium
how does albumin affect calcium
if albumin decreases then so will calcium
test sensitivity
the percentage of the animals that have the disease that the test picks up as positive
- so if the percentage is high, if you test negative then it is unlikely you have the disease
test specificity
the percentage out of all the animals that dont have the disease that test negative
- so if you have a high specificity then if you test positive you are unlikely to be false positive
diagnostic accuracy
the percentage of correct diagnosis the test makes out of the whole population
predictive value of +ve or -ve tests
the probability that if test says that you have or haven’t got the disease that it is true
2 collection methods of cytology samples
- aspiration
- imprint
FNA how to
get open needle and poke into mass several times, then get air filled syringe and blow stuff onto slide
how to take an imprint
blot tissue with paper towel then roll it firmly onto slide. air dry
appearance of degenerate neutrophils (3)
- swollen nuclei
- pale
- loss of lobulation
how to differentiate stain precipitate from bacteria (2)
- bacteria will all be on one plain
- stain will be the same colour as nuclei
mycobacterium cause (type of inflammation and cells)
- granulomatous inflammation
- increased macrophages
increased neutrophils and macrophages indicate
pyogranulomatous inflammation caused by fungal infection
round cell appearance (4)
- round to oval cells
- round to oval nuclei
- well defined border
- small to medium size
4 round cell tumours
- lymphoma
- plasmacytoma
- histiocytoma
- mast cell tumour
epithelial cell appearance (5)
- found in sheets
- large cells
- oval/angular shape
- round central nuclei
- lots of cytoplasm
mesenchymal cell appearance (4)
- individual or clumps
- small to medium size cell
- indistinct cell border
- elongated nuclei
adenoma
benign epithelial tumour
carcinoma
malignant epithelial tumour
fibroma
benign mesenchymal tumour
fibrosarcoma
malignant mesenchymal tumour
anisocytosis
variety of cell sizes
anisokaryosis
variety of nuclear sizes
macrokaryosis
large nuclei
macrocytosis
large cells
define serology
evaluation of immune function
3 serology uses
- to see if an animal has been exposed to a pathogen
- to see if there is response to vaccine
- diagnose immune mediated disease
define immunoassay
use of antibodies as detection regents
3 immunoassay uses
- look for pathogen
- measure biomarkers
- immunophenotyping
serological markers of innate immunity
acute phase proteins
2 acute phase proteins
- serum amyloid A
- fibrinogen
3 uses of measuring immunoglobulins
- look for failure of passive transport in foals
- specific Ig deficiencies
- monoclonal/polyclonal gammopathies
serological markers of adaptive immunity
antibodies
ELISA
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
ELISA uses
detect antigen or antibody
2 types of ELISA
- sandwich
- indirect
use of an indirect ELISA
detection of antibody
use of sandwich ELISA
detect antigen
how indirect ELISA works
- antigen glued to bottom
- serum put across and antibodies attach
- HRP detection antibodies put across and attach to antibody
- substrate put across and changes colour if HRP detection antibody is there
how sandwich ELISA works
- antibody glued to bottom
- serum containing antigen put across and antigen attaches
- HRP detection antibodies put across and attach to antigen
substrate changes colour in presence of HRP detection enzyme
immunoflourescence assay how work
IFA
- detection antibody labelled with a flourescent marker
virus neutralisation assay how work
- VN
- cultured cells are mixed with the serum and virus
- you then look down microscope to see how many cells are infected or if antibody present and done its job
- can titre to see when serum stops working
VN assay pros
it indicates biologically active antibodies
evaluation of CD4+ Tcell response how to
measure cytokine release after stimulation with specific antigen
immunoflourescence is done on (2)
- smears
- tissue sections
define immunophenotyping
antibodies against specific cell markers are used to identify cell types that are present
2 tests to determine prescence of nucleic acid
- PCR
- quantitative PCR
