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Exam 2 Study Guide > Principles of Cardiac Output > Flashcards

Principles of Cardiac Output Flashcards

1
Q

Cardiac Output (CO)

A

the amount of blood pumped by each ventricle per minute

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2
Q

Stroke Volume (SV)

A

the amount of blood pumped by each ventricle per beat
- 70 mL

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3
Q

Equation for CO

A

Heart Rate (HR) x Stroke Volume (SV)

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4
Q

Cardiac Reserve

A

the difference in resting CO and maximal CO

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5
Q

SV equation

A

SV = EDV - ESV

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6
Q

Ejection Fraction

A

each ventricle pumps about 60% of its blood with each contraction

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7
Q

3 factors for regulating stroke volume

A

Preload
Frank-Starling Law
Contractility

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8
Q

Preload

A

the degree to which muscles are stretched before contracting

high preload = higher (SV) stroke volume

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9
Q

Frank-Starling Law

A

a length-tension relationship - cardiac muscle cells are stretched to their optimal length for maximal contraction

  • higher EDV = higher SV
  • increased venous return = increased preload
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10
Q

Contractility

A

the contractile strength achieved at a given muscle length

  • increase with rises in Ca2+ from extracellular fluid or sarcoplasmic reticulum
  • increase contractility will increase SV and decrease ESV
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11
Q

Positive Ionotropic Agents

A

increases contractility

  • epinephrine, norepinephrine, throxine, glucagon, high levels of extracellular Ca2+

(things that increase heart rate)

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12
Q

Negative Ionotropic Agents

A

decreases contractility

  • acidosis, rising extracellular K+ levels, and CA2+ channel blocker

(things that decrease heart rate)

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13
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS)

A
  • activated by emotional and physical stressors - epinephrine is released, SA Node depolarizes more rapidly
  • increases heart contractility and speeds heart relaxation via enhanced Ca 2+ movement
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14
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS)

A
  • reduces heart rate, mediated by acetylcholine
  • acetylcholine hyperpolarizes the membranes of its effector cells by opening K+ channels
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15
Q

Atrial (Bainbridge) reflex

A
  • autoimmune reflex initiated by increased venous return and increases atrial filling
  • stretching of the atrial walls increases heart rate by stimulating the SA Node and the atrial stretch receptors
  • Stretch receptors activation triggers reflexive adjustments of autonomic Output to the SA Node – increased HR
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16
Q

Epinephrine

A

increases both heart rate and contractility

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17
Q

Thyroxine

A

increases heart rate, enhances the effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine

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18
Q

Hypocalcemia

A

depresses heart function

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19
Q

Hypercalcemia

A

stimulates heart functions and can increase risk of arrythmia

20
Q

Hypokalemia

A

weakens heart contraction

21
Q

Hyperkalemia

A

alters the heart’s electrical activity, can increase risk of heart block and cardiac arrest

22
Q

Age

A

HR is 140-160 BPM in fetuses then declines

23
Q

Gender

A

HR is typically faster in females

24
Q

Exercise

A

HR increases secondary to activation of the SNS
- HR will be lower in highly trained athletes

25
Q

Temperature

A

heat increases HR
cold decreases HR

26
Q

Congestive Heart Failure

A

secondary to a weakened myocardium, the heart becomes and inefficient pump; circulation is not adequate to meet the tissues needs

27
Q

Causes of weakened myocardium

A

…

28
Q

What side of the heart is failing when peripheral congestion is seen?

A

right side

29
Q

Pulmonary Congestion

A

fluid leaks from pulmonary blood vessels into lung tissue
symptoms- shortness of breath/dyspnea on exertion

30
Q

what side of the heart is failing when pulmonary congestion is seen?

A

left side

31
Q

peripheral congestion

A

blood stagnates in the organs and tissues
symptoms- swelling in the distal extremities

32
Q

Diuretics

A

increases excretion of Na+, H2O by the kidneys

33
Q

Digitalis

A

increases heart contractility

34
Q

4 primitives of heart chambers

A
  • Sinus Venosus
  • Atrium
  • Ventricle
  • Bulbus Cordis
35
Q

Sinus Venosus

A

receives all venous blood from the embryo - becomes the smooth walled portions of the atria, the coronary sinus and the SA Node

36
Q

Atrium

A

becomes the pectinate muscle ridged parts of the atria

37
Q

Ventricle

A

the strongest part of the embryonic heart - becomes the left ventricle

38
Q

Bulbus Cordis

A

has cranial extension - truncus arteriosus - becomes the pulmonary trunk, part of the aorta, and most of the right ventricle

39
Q

what gestational age is the fetal heart contracting?

A

22 days

40
Q

Foramen Ovale

A

a hole in the interatrial septum, a bypass for the lungs - becomes the Fossa Ovalis in adults

41
Q

Ductus Arteriosus

A

a shunt between the pulmonary trunk and the aorta, another bypass for the lungs - becomes the ligamentum arteriosum in adults

42
Q

2 basic types of congenital heart defects

A
  1. mixing of O2 rich and O2 poor blood - inadequately oxygenated blood reaches the body’s tissues
    ex: septal defects, patent ductus arteriosus
  2. narrowed valves/vesseks increase the heart’s workload
    ex: coarctation of the aorta
43
Q

Tetralogy of Fallot

A

a serious condition in which cyanosis appears within minutes of birth - encompasses both types of defects

44
Q

4 features of Tetralogy of Fallot

A
  1. narrowed pulmonary trunk/pulmonary valve stenosed
  2. hypertrophied right ventricle
  3. ventricular septal defects
  4. aorta receiving blood from both chambers
45
Q

Explain how a highly trained aerobic athlete could have a resting HR as low as 30-40 bpm.

A

Aerobic exercise can clear fatty deposits from blood vessels and slow the development coronary heart disease

Exam 2 Study Guide (7 decks)

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