Anatomy of the Heart

Question 1

Know the pathway of pulmonary and systemic circulation

Question 2

Right side of the heart receives what type of blood

Answer 2

receives oxygen-poor blood and pumps it to the lungs (pulmonary circuit)

Question 3

Left side of the heart receives what type of blood

Answer 3

receives oxygen-rich blood and pumps it to the body (systemic circuit)

Question 4

The atriums

Answer 4

The receiving chambers

Question 5

Right atrium

Answer 5

receives blood returning from the systemic circuit

Question 6

Left atrium

Answer 6

receives blood returning from the lungs

Question 7

The ventricles

Answer 7

the pumping chambers

Question 8

Right ventricle

Answer 8

pumps blood into the pulmonary circuit

Question 9

Left ventricle

Answer 9

pumps blood into the systemic circuit

Question 10

Pericardium

Answer 10

the double-walled sac that encloses the heart

Question 11

Fibrous pericardium

Answer 11

loose fitting superficial part of the pericardium
- made of dense connective tissue
- protects the heart, keeps it from overfilling, anchors it to the mediastinum

Question 12

Serous Pericardium

Answer 12

deep to the fibrous pericardium, made of 2 thin layers

Question 13

Parietal layer (serous Pericardium)

Answer 13

lines the internal surface of the fibrous pericardium

Question 14

visceral layer (serous Pericardium)

Answer 14

lines the external surface of the heart

Question 15

pericardial cavity

Answer 15

space between the parietal + visceral layers, filled with serous fluid
- reduces friction

Question 16

Pericarditis

Answer 16

inflammation of the pericardium
- beating heart rubs against the pericardial sac - an audible sound is produced
- symptoms: pain deep to the sternum
- can lead to adhesions, impeded cardiac activity

Question 17

cardiac tamponade

Answer 17

compression of the heart by large amounts of inflammatory fluid in the pericardial cavity
- heart’s ability to pump blood is reduced
- management: removal of excess fluid by syringe

Question 18

epicardium

Answer 18

visceral pericardium
- most superficial layer

Question 19

myocardium

Answer 19

middle, muscle layer
- composed of contracting, cardiac muscle, bulk of the heart
- cardiac muscles cells are arranged in spiral bundles. tethered to each other by crisscrossing connective tissue fibers

Question 20

Cardiac sckeleton

Answer 20

a reinforcing, dense network formed by the connective tissue fibers
- skeleton prevents overstretching from the continuous stresses and ensures that action potentials only spread along desired pathways

Question 21

endocardium

Answer 21

deepest layer, made of endothelium
- lines the heart’s chambers, continuous with lining of the great vessels

Question 22

auricles

Answer 22

small, wrinkled appendages that sit atop each atrium
- expand the volume capacity of the right and left atria as needed

Question 23

blood enters the right atrium via

Answer 23

1. coronary sinus
2. superior vena cava
3. inferior vena cava

Question 24

blood enters the left atrium via

Answer 24

4 pulmonary veins

Question 25

papillary muscles

Answer 25

muscles that projects into ventricular chambers and play a role in valve function

Question 26

AV valves

Answer 26

located at each atrial-ventricular junction, prevent backflow of blood into the atria during ventricular contraction

Question 27

Tricuspid valve

Answer 27

located between the right atrium and ventricle, has 3 flexible cusps (flap of endocardium)

Question 28

Bicuspid valve

Answer 28

located between the left atrium and ventricle, has 2 flexible cusps

Question 29

Chordae tendinae

Answer 29

tiny white collagen cords attached to AV valves
- anchor the cusps of the valves to the papillary muscles, prevent valve inversion, and forces blood into the great arteries

Question 30

SL valves

Answer 30

Aortic
Pulmonary
- guard the bases of the large arteries emerging from each of the ventricles, prevent backflow from vessel to ventricle

Question 31

SL valves open and close in response to what?

Answer 31

changes in pressure
- forced open as the ventricles contact and pressure rises
- close as blood backflows words the heart and fills the cusps

Question 32

Know the dangers of insufficient and stenotic valves.

Answer 32

Leaking valves reduce the efficiency of the pumping heart

Incompetent/Insufficient Valves force the heart to repump the same blood multiple times

Stenotic Valves are stiff/narrowed, constrict the heart’s openings

Narrowed openings force the heart to contract more forcefully

Faulty valves increases the heart’s workload - heart weakens overtime