Principles of Biology Flashcards
What are the suffixes for
Sugars and Enzymes
Sugar- Ose
Enzyme- Ase
What is the name of the process where a chemical reaction in which water is used to break down a compound
Process- Hydrolysis
What is the difference between
Isomers and Isotopes
Isomers- Two molecules that use the same formula but different structures
Isotopes- Two molecules with the same amount of protons but different number of neutrons or same atomic number with different atomic mass
What is
Valence shell and the rule for number of electrons each shell can hold
Valence shell is the outermost shell in an atom with max amount of valence electrons being 8, and the order from first shell to third shell is 2,8,18 electrons per shell.
Name the type of atom
With 8 valence electrons
Noble/inert gases are the only atoms with 8 valence electrons.
Define each bond
Ionic bond
Covalent bond (polar and nonpolar)
Metallic bond
Hydrogen bond
Ionic bond- Formed when two atoms exchange electrons to create a positive and negative ion
Covalent- Formed when atoms share electrons to create a molecule. In a nonpolar covalent bond, electrons are shared equally. In polar covalent bonds, such as those found in water, electrons are pulled closer to the more electronegative atom.
Metallic bond- Created when metal atoms lose their outermost electron to form positively charged ions.
Hydrogen bond- An attraction between two atoms that already participate in other chemical bonds
What is the function of
Ribosomes
They synthesize protein according to directions from the nucleus
Cells that make a lot of protein have more ribosomes
What is the function of
Endoplasmic Reticulum
There are two types of this organelle
Endoplasmic Reticulum is a membranous network of tubes and sacs
Smooth ER- Synthesizes lipids and processes toxins
Rough ER- Produces membranes, ribosomes on its surface make membrane and secretory proteins
What is the function of
Nucleus
The nucleus serves both as the repository of genetic information and as the cell’s control center. DNA replication, transcription, and RNA processing all take place within the nucleus, with only the final stage of gene expression (translation) localized to the cytoplasm.
The nucleolus is also where ribosomes and produced and assembled.
What is the function of
Golgi apparatus
The Golgi apparatus consists of stacks of sacks in which products of the ER are processed and then sent to other organelles or to the cell surface.
What is the function of
Lysosomes
Lysosomes host digestive enzymes that break down ingested substances and damaged organelles.
What is the function of
Vacuoles
Vacuole helps in storage of salts, minerals, pigments and proteins within the cell. It isolates metabolic waste that might be harmful to the cell. It maintains turgor pressure. It facilitates endocytosis and exocytosis.
Plant cells contain a large central vacuole that stores wastes and molecules for growth
What is the function of
Mitochondria
The mitochondria is the powerhouse of the cell. They are organelles that carry out cellular respiration in nearly all eukaryotic cells.
The mitochondrial matrix contains the mitochondrial DNA, ribosomes, and many enzymes that catalyze some of the reactions of cellular respiration
What is the function of
Cytoskeleton
- Maintenance of cell shape
- Anchorage and movement of cells
- Amoeboid movement and muscle contraction
In plant cells, it is the cell wall.
What is
Diffusion
Diffusion is the tendency of particles to spread out evenly in an available space
*Diffusion across a cell membrane does not require energy, so it is called passive transport.
In active transport, a cell must expend energy to move a solute against its concentration gradient. *
Describe the two types of diffusion
Facilitated Diffusion
Simple Diffusion
Facilitated diffusion- Diffusion where polar or charged substances travel thorugh membranes with help of transport proteins (does not require energy, relies on concentration gradient)
Simple diffusion- Simple diffusion is defined as the process in which a substance moves through a semipermeable membrane or in a solution without any help from transport proteins.
What is
Osmosis
The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.
Define and identify the different types of
Tonicity
Tonicity- Term that describes the ability of a surrounding solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water.
* Cell shrink in a hypertonic solution (crenation) low water, high solute concentration
* Cells swell in a hypotonic solution (hemolysis) low solute, high water
* In isotonic solutions, animal cells are normal, but plant cells are flaccid (no net change)
Define terms
Erythrocyte
ATP
Ion
Erythrocyte- Red blood cell
ATP- Energy molecule that powers nearly all forms of cellular work (produced through cellular respiration in mitochondria)
Ion- Atom with electric charge (cation-positive, anion- negative)
Main component of plasma membrane
Phospholipid bilayer
Define
Exocytosis and Endocytosis
Exocytosis is used to export bulky molecules, such as proteins or polysaccharides.
Endocytosis is used to take in large molecules.
What is the
Plasma Membrane
The plasma membrane and its proteins enable cells to survive and function
The plasma membrane is selectively permeable.
Define
Endergonic and Exergonic
Ednergonic- Reaction that requires absorption of energy
Exergonic- Reaction that requires the release of energy
What is an enzyme substrate?
The substrate is the substance in which an enzyme operates.
The area of attachment is called the active site.
