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Bio 106 and 107 > Organ Systems > Flashcards

Organ Systems Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe the blood flow in circulatory system

Double Circulation

A
  1. Blood drains from superior vena cava (from head and arms) or inferior vena cava (from lower trunk and legs) into the right atrium
  2. Right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood out to the lungs via pulmonary artery
  3. Returns from the lungs to the left atrium through pulmonary vein
  4. Leaves heart through the aorta
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2
Q

Are arteries and veins oxygen-rich or oxygen poor?
What is the only vein and artery that is opposite of the other veins and arteries?
Also describe where they go

A

Artery- Oxygen rich away from heart
Vein- Oxygen poor blood back to heart

Pulmonary Artery- Oxygen poor blood to lungs from heart
Pulmonary Vein- Oxygen rich blood from lungs to heart

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3
Q

Describe the Two Parts of the Cardiac Cycle

A

Diastole- Heart is relaxed, blood flow from vein to heart chamber
* Blood pressure decrease

Systole- Heart muscle contracts, blood flow from atrium to ventricles and is pumped into arteries
* Blood pressure increase

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4
Q

Which blood vessel has the highest or lowest blood pressure?
Which blood vessel has the fastest slowest velocity?
Order blood vessel from thickest to thinnest walls

A

Arteries
- Have elastic fibers that recoil after stretching
- Thickest walls, highest blood pressure and velocity

Veins
- Have thinner walls compared to arteries
- Lower blood pressure and velocity
- One way valves permit blood to flow only toward heart

Capillaries
- Thin walls
- Exchange gas and fluid with interstitial fluid
- Also exchanges materials between blood and tissue cells

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5
Q

Blood pressure

A
  1. Depends on cardiac output and resistance of vessels
  2. Pressure is highest in arteries
  3. Blood velocity is slowest in capillaries
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6
Q

Hypertension
Cardiac output
Heart rate
Heart valves

A

Hypertension (high blood pressure) is a serious cardiovascular problem that in most cases can be controlled
Cardiac output: volume of blood that each ventricle pumps per minute (heart rate x stroke volume)
Heart rate is the number of heart beats per minute
Heart valves prevent backflow of blood

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7
Q

Sinoatrial and Atrioventricular nodes

A

Sinoatrial node “natural pacemaker”
→ Generates electrical impulses in atria and sets rate of heart contractions
Atrioventricular node
→ Relays signals to ventricles and trigger ventricular contractions

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8
Q

What do electrocardiograms do?

A

Detects electrical impulses in heart
Can provide data about heart health

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9
Q

Heart Diseases

Cardiovascular disease
Heart attack
Stroke
Atherosclerosis

A

Cardiovascular disease- Disorders of the heart and blood vessels
Heart attack
-Damage or death of cardiac muscle tissue
-Usually results from blocked coronary artery
Stroke
-Death of brain tissue due to lack of O2
-Results from rupture or blockage of arteries in the head
Atherosclerosis
-Fatty deposits called plaques develop in inner wall of arteries
-Narrows the passages which blood can flow

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10
Q

Blood cell types

Plasma
Leukocytes
Erythrocytes
Platelet

A

Plasma
-Contain various inorganic ions, proteins, nutrients, wastes, gases, and hormones

Red blood cells (erythrocytes)
-Transports O2 bound to hemoglobin

White blood cells (leukocytes)
-Fight infections
-Some are phagocytes which engulf and digest bacteria

Platelets
-Cell fragments that are involved in blood clotting

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11
Q

Anemia
Leukemia
What hormone stimulates RBC production?

A

Anemia- A condition in which the blood doesn’t have enough healthy red blood cells
- Caused by low amounts of hemoglobin or low number of red blood cells
- Causes fatigue due to lack of oxygen in tissues

Leukemia- cancer of leukocytes

The hormone erythropoietin (EPO) stimulates bone marrow to produce more red blood cells

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12
Q

What blood cell type clots blood?
Describe the process

A

Blood contains self-healing materials that activate when blood vessels are injured
Platelets adhere to connective tissue in damaged vessels and help convert fibrinogen to fibrin, forming a clot to plug the leak

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13
Q

What happens when a stem cell divides?

A

One daughter cell remains a stem cell
The other one can take a specialized function

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14
Q

Immunity Types

Active
Passive
Natural
Artificial

A

Active- Body is creating agent that is going to fight the disease
Passive- Body is not actively creating agent to fight disease
Natural- Created by body without medical intervention
Artificial- There is medical intervention involved

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15
Q

Define

Pathogens
Antigen
Antibody

A

Pathogens: agents that cause disease
Antigen: Any molecule that elicits an adaptive immune response
Antibody: Immune protein that attaches to antigen to counter its effects

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16
Q

Innate and Adaptive Immunity

Describe Herd Immunity

A

Innate immunity
○ Immunity that is there all the time
○ Innate means inborn
○ Non-specific

Adaptive Immunity
○ Acquired immunity
○ Activated after exposure to specific pathogens
○ Triggered by infections and vaccines

Herd immunity- When most people in a population are vaccinated, a disease cannot spread

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17
Q

Steps of immune response

A
  1. Innate external barrier (ex. Skin or acidic environment)
    * If external barriers are breached*
    |
  2. Innate internal defenses (ex. Inflammatory response, killer cells, phagocytic cells)
    If innate responses don’t clear infection
    |
  3. Adaptive responses (ex. Lymphocytes)
    ○ Defense against pathogens in fluids (humoral)
    ○ Defense against pathogens inside body cells (cell-mediated)
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18
Q

Lympathic System

Lymphatic vessels
Lymph nodes
Lymph

A

Lymphatic vessels: Vessels which collect fluid from body tissue and return it as lymph to blood
Lymph nodes: little round organs packaged with macrophages and lymphocytes
Lymph: similar to interstitial fluid that surrounds body cells but contain less oxygen and fewer nutrients

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19
Q

Interstitial Fluid

A

Interstitial fluid is the fluid that bathes body cells and is constantly renewed by the blood.

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20
Q

Two main functions of lympathic system

A
  1. Return tissue fluid back to circulatory system
  2. To fight infection
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21
Q

Two main lymphatic ducts

Right lymphatic duct
Thoracic Duct

A

Right lymphatic duct- Drains right side of body
Thoracic Duct- Drains left side of body

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22
Q

Lymphocyte and the two main types

B Lymphocyte
T Lymphocyte

A

Lymphocyte- Type of white blood cell part of immune system that originates from stem cells in bone marrow

  1. B Lymphocyte or B Cells: Involved with humoral immune response (action against free-floating antigens in body fluids)
    - Produces antibodies to bind on antigen
  2. T Lymphocytes or T cells: Involved with cell-mediated immune response (action against infected cells)
    - Wipes out infected or cancerous cells

Both the humoral and cell-mediated immune responses are initiated when lymphocytes recognize antigens

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23
Q

Epitope
Antigen-binding site

A

Epitope: Site on antigen that antibodies and antigen receptors bind to
Antigen-binding site: Specific region on antigen receptor on antibody that recognizes an epitope

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24
Q

Clonal selection

A

Clonal selection
-The humoral and cell-mediated immune responses defend against a wide variety of antigens through a process known as clonal selection
-When an antigen enters the body, it activates only a subset of lymphocytes that have receptors specific for the antigen
-The selected cells multiply into clones of short-lived effector cells(plasma cells) specialized for defending against that antigen and into memory cells, which confer long-term immunity

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25
Q

What do antibodies do specifcally?

A

-Antibodies mark a pathogen by combining with it to form an antigen-antibody complex
-Antibodies have antigen-binding sites that bind to specific antigens
-Antibodies assist innate responses in eliminating the invader

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26
Q

Autoimmune disorders
Immunodeficiency disorders

A

Autoimmune disorders- the immune system target self-molecules
Immunodeficiency disorders- immune components are lacking and frequent infections occur

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27
Q

What veins does thoracic duct drain into?
What veins do right lymphatic duct drain into?

A

Thoracic duct drains into left subclavian vein or left internal jugular vein

Right lymphatic duct drains into right subclavian vein or right internal jugular vein

28
Q

Three stages of hormone signaling

A
  1. Reception of signal occurs when hormone binds to specific receptor protein on or in target cell
  2. Signal transduction converts the signal from one form to another
  3. Response is a change in the cell’s behavior
29
Q

Water soluble and lipid soluble hormones

A

Water-soluble hormones- Cannot diffuse through cell membrane, needs protein receptors to relay signals
* Typically peptides, proteins, and modified amino acids

Lipid-soluble hormones- Can diffuse through phospholipid bilayer, binds into receptors inside cell
* Typically steroids derived from cholesterol

30
Q

Hypothalamus

A
  • Main control center of endocrine system
  • Receives information from nerves about external environment and internal body condition
  • Responds by sending out appropriate nervous and endocrine signals
  • Directly controls pituitary gland
31
Q

Thyroid gland
Thyroid hormones

A

Thyroid gland is located in the neck under larynx
Thyroid hormones regulate
- Metabolism
- Reproduction
- Development

32
Q

Sex hormones

A

Estrogen, progesterone, and androgens including testosterone are steroid sex hormones produced by gonad in response to signals from hypothalamus and pituitary

33
Q

Pancreas

A

Pancreas is a gland with dual functions
1. Secretes digestive enzymes into small intestine
2. Secretes two protein hormones insulin and glucagon

34
Q

Diabetes
Hyperglycemia
Hypoglycemia

A

Diabetes- body’s inability to produce or use insulin
Hyperglycemia- elevated blood glucose level
Hypoglycemia- lower levels of blood glucose (too much insulin into blood)

35
Q

Antagonistic hormones

A

Antagonistic hormones- two hormones that oppose each other’s affects (insulin and glucagon)

36
Q

Thyroid Imbalance
Hyperthyroidism/Hypothyroidism
Goiter
What is iodine used for?

A

Thyroid imbalance causes disease
- Hyperthyroidism leads to high blood pressure, weight loss, overheating, and irritability
- Hypothyroidism leads to low blood pressure, weight gain, coldness and lethargy

Iodine deficiency can produce a goiter- enlargement of thyroid

Iodine inhibits secretion of thyroid hormone
Also used to make thyroid hormone

37
Q

Endocrine
Exocrine

A

Endocrine- Chemical messengers inside the body
Exocrine- Hormones outside the body

38
Q

What hormones do these glands produce and their function?

Pineal gland
Anterior pituitary
Posterior pituitary
Thyroid
Parathyroid
Pancreas
Adrenal Cortex
Adrenal Medulla
Ovaries
Testes

A

Pineal gland- secretes melatonin (circadian rhythm)
Anterior pituitary- secretes GH (cell growth)
posterior pituitary- oxytocin (stimulates uterine muscles and mammary glands) ADH (water balance)
Thyroid- t3/t4 (metabolism), calcitonin (lowers blood Ca)
Parathyroid- PTH (raises blood Ca)
Pancreas- insulin (lowers blood sugar), glucagon (raises blood sugar)
Adrenal Cortex- Glucocorticoids (raise blood glucose) Mineralocorticoids (increase blood volume and pressure)
Adrenal Medulla- Epinephrine (adrenaline, fight or flight)
Ovaries- estrogen (female characteristics)
Testes- testosterone (male characteristics)

39
Q

Oxygenated or Deoxygenated

Superior Vena Calva
Aorta
Left Ventricle
Right Ventricle
Pulmonary Artery
Brachial Artery
Jugular Vein

A

Superior Vena Calva- Deoxygenated
Aorta- Oxygenated
Left Ventricle- Oxygenated
Right Ventricle- Deoxygenated
Pulmonary Artery- Deoxygenated
Brachial Artery- Oxygenated
Jugular Vein- Deoxygenated

40
Q

P Wave
T Wave

A

P Wave- Atrial depolarization
T Wave- Ventricle depolarization

41
Q

What type of tissue is urinary bladder?

A

Transitional epithelium

42
Q

What does the secretion and reabsorption in the nephrons

A

Capillaries

43
Q

3 Steps of filtration

A

Filtration, secretion, and reabsorption
Secretion of hydrogen ions to maintain pH
Water, salt, bicarbonate ion (maintains pH), glucose and amino acids need to be reabsorbed

44
Q

Common pH for urine

A

4.5-7.8

45
Q

Why is urethral sphincter made of skeletal muscle

A

Sphincter made of skeletal muscle so you can control when to pee

46
Q

What causes the adrenal medulla to secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine?
What hormone causes the adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids and mineralcorticoids?

A

Nerve signals from hypothalamus stimulate the adrenal medulla to secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine.

ACTH from the pituitary gland causes adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids and mineralcorticoids.

47
Q

Define the locations of the pineal gland, hypothalamus, pituitary glands, thyroid gland, pancreas, adrenal cortex and medulla, ovaries, and testes.

A

Pineal gland is located in the brand
Hypothalamus is also located in the brain below the thalamus
Pituitary gland is located at base of the brain below hypothalamus
Thyroid gland is located near to the larynx in the neck
Adrenal cortex and medulla are located above the kidney
Pancreas is located near the middle of the kidneys
Ovaries and testes are located in the pelvis

48
Q

Vertebrate innate immunities

Interferons
Neutrophils and Macrophages (phagocytes)
Natural killer cells
Complement system

A

Interferons: Proteins that interfere with viral infections
Neutrophils: Neutrophils are a type of white blood cell that specialize in engulfing and digesting pathogens
Macrophage: Macrophages are large, specialized white blood cells that engulf and digest cellular debris, pathogens, and other foreign substances, playing a key role in the immune system’s defense and tissue repair.
Natural killer cells: Cells which recognize and help kill cancer cells and virus-infected cells
Complement system: A group of proteins (around 30) that can act with other defense mechanisms

49
Q

Phagocytosis and Pinocytosis

A

Phagocytosis is a cellular process in which cells engulf and digest solid particles

Pinocytosis is the ingestion of liquid substances by a cell

50
Q

Tricuspid Valve
Pulmonary Valve
Mitral Valve (Bicuspid Valve)
Aortic Valve

A

Tricuspid Valve: Located between the right atrium and right ventricle in the heart.

Pulmonary Valve: Positioned at the exit of the right ventricle, leading to the pulmonary artery.

Mitral Valve (Bicuspid Valve): Found between the left atrium and left ventricle.

Aortic Valve: Positioned at the exit of the left ventricle, leading to the aorta.

51
Q

Which electrical signals of the heart cannot be seen on an ECG?

A

Atrial repolarization

52
Q

What organ functions in both reproductive and urinary system

A

Male urethra

53
Q

Micturition
Renal
Adrenal/Suprarenal
Pulmonary
Cortex
Medulla

A

Micturition- Urination
Renal- Relating to kidney
Adrenal- Above kidney
Pulmonary- Relating to Lung
Cortex- Outside
Medulla- Inside

54
Q

What type of animals have innate immunity and adaptive immunity?

A

Innate immunity in both vertebrates and invertebrates
Adaptive immunity only in vertebrates

55
Q

Diuretic
Anti-Diuretic

A

Diuretic- Reduces water retention
Anti-diuretic (vasopressin)- Causes water retention

56
Q

Where do B and T cells mature

A

Both develop in bone marrow
B cells mature in bone marrow, T cells mature in thymus

57
Q

Glands
Hormones

A

Glands- Organs that send out chemical messengers
Hormones- The chemical messengers send by glands

58
Q

Islets

A

Endocrine cells within the pancreas that produce insulin

59
Q

What gland has both neurological and endocrine function (2 parts)

A

Pituitary gland

60
Q

What machine is for kidney failure

A

Dialysis

61
Q

What causes immune system hypersensitivity

A

Allergies

62
Q

What of the heart’s electrical signals can you not see on EKG

A

Atrial repolarization

63
Q

Most common place to check blood pressure

A

Brachial artery

64
Q

How many liters in blood
What percent of blood is cellular

A

5 Liters of blood in body at any given time
Cellular part of blood make up 45% of blood volume

65
Q

Numbers for sytolic and diastolic blood pressure

A

120 blood pressure- systolic
80 blood pressure- diastolic

66
Q

Depolarization
Repolarization

A

Depolarization leads to the contraction of the heart, while repolarization leads to relaxation.

Bio 106 and 107 (4 decks)

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