Lab Final Flashcards
What are the four classes of organic compounds?
- Protein
- Carbohydrates
- Lipids (fat)
- Nucleic Acid (DNA/RNA)
1, 2, 4 are made from repeating molecules to make a big macromolecule.
Difference between
Monomer and Polymer
Monomer- Small molecule
Polymer- Large molecule composed of joined monomers
Identify the monomer, bond, and polymer for the compound
Protein
Monomer- Amino Acid
Bond- Peptide
Polymer- Polypeptide
Identify the monomer, bond, and polymer for the compound
Carbohydrates
Monomer- Monosaccharide
Bond- Glycosidic
Polymer- Polysaccharide
Identify the monomer, bond, and polymer for the compound
Nucleic Acid (DNA/RNA)
Monomer- Nucleotide
Bond- Phosphodiester
Polymer- Polynucleotide
Identify the monomer, bond, and polymer for the compound
Lipid
Monomer- Glycerol
Bond- Ester Bond
Lipids are neither macromolecules nor polymers.
State the test name, positive and negative colors for each compound
- Protein
- Monosaccharide
- Polysaccharide
- Lipid
- Biuret Reagent, Blue (negative), Purple (positive)
- Benedict Solution, Blue (negative), Orange (positive)
- Iodine Test (IKI), Light brown (negative), Black/Dark blue (positive)
- Paper, Not transparent (negative), Transparent (positive)
Example solutions which will test positive
Biuret Reagent- Albumin or Histidine, Benedict Solution- Gucose or Fructose, Iodine Test- Potato, Paper- Cholestrol or Triglycerides
Define these terms
Osmoregulation
Excretion
Nephron
Neuron
Nerves
Reflex
Osmoregulation- Maintenance of solute concentrations and balance water gain/loss in an organism’s body
Excretion- The removal of nitrogenous wastes from body
Neurons- Nerve cells
Nerves- Bundles of neurons
Reflex- Simple automatic responses to a stimulus, conscious thought not required
Name the three types of nitrogenous wastes
Ammonia- Water soluble compound that is extremely toxic (excreted by aquatic animals)
Urea- Produced by the liver, not as toxic as ammonia, conserves water (excreted by most vertebrates)
Uric Acid- Excreted as paste or crystals (excreted by birds and reptiles)
Describe how urine is made
- In the nephron, water and waste products are filtered out of blood through the glomerulus into the Bowman’s capsule
- From there on, hydrogen ions are secreted, while bicarbonate, NaCl, and water are reabsorbed in the proximal tubule from the filtrate
- At the descending loop of Henle, water is absorbed. Salt is reabsorned in the ascending loop of Henle.
- In the distal tubule, potassium (K+) and NaCl levels are regulated.
- Finally, in the ** collecting duct**, filtrate becomes more regulated to minimize water loss.
Describe the general urine path
Urine is created and filtered in the nephrons of the kidney, the urine flows from collecting duct to renal pelvis which leads to the ureter. Urine flows from the ureter to the urinary bladder and is excreted throug the urethra.
Name the four organs of the urinary system
- Kidney
- Ureter
- Urinary bladder
- Urethra
Describe the 3 main sections of the kidney
Renal Cortex
Renal Medulla
Renal Pelvis
- Renal cortex (outer region of kidney)- Involved with the initial stages of urine formation, contains glomerulus, Bowman’s capsule, and the convoluted tubules.
- Renal medulla (region below renal cortex)- Controls the concentration of urine, consists of renal pyramids, along with collecting ducts and the loops of Henle
- Renal pelvis (center of kidney)- The collecting ducts from multiple nephrons converge and empty into the renal pelvis, a funnel-shaped structure within the kidney.
Describe the function of each neuron part
Cell body
Dendrites
Axons
Myelin sheath
Synapse
Neurotransmitter
Neuroglia
Cell body- Contains nucleus and organelles
Dendrites- Receive signals
Axons- Transmit messages away to other cells
Myelin sheath- Fatty insulation covering axon, speeds up nerve impulse
Synapse- Junction between two cells
Neurotransmitter- Chemical messenger sent across synapse
Neuroglia- Cells that support neurons (ex: Schwann cells that form the myelin sheath)
Define
Central Nervous System (CNS)
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Sensory receptors
Sensory neurons
Motor neurons
Interneurons
Central Nervous System (CNS)- Brain and spinal cord
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)- Nerves throughout the body
Sensory receptors- Collect information
Sensory neurons- Transmit signals from body to CNS
Motor neurons- Convey signals from CNS to body (muscles, glands)
Interneurons- Connects sensory and motor neurons
