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03 BIO - CONCEPTS > Principles of biochemistry - Concepts > Flashcards

Principles of biochemistry - Concepts Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Cellular Foundations

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2
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Chemical Foundations

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3
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Physical Foundations

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4
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Genetic Foundations

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5
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Evolutionary Foundations

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6
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Weak Interactions in Aqueous Systems

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7
Q

Ionization of Water, Weak Acids, and Weak Bases

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8
Q

Buffering against pH Changes in Biological Systems

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9
Q

Water as a Reactant

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10
Q

Amino Acids

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11
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Peptides and Proteins

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12
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Working with Proteins

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13
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The Structure of Proteins: Primary Structure

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14
Q

Overview of Protein Structure

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15
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Protein Secondary Structure

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16
Q

Protein Tertiary Structure

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17
Q

Protein Quaternary Structures

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18
Q

Protein Denaturation and Folding

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19
Q

Reversible Binding of a Protein to a Ligand: Oxygen-Binding Proteins

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20
Q

Complementary Interactions between Proteins and Ligands: The Immune System and Immunoglobulins

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21
Q

Protein Interactions Modulated by Chemical Energy: Actin, Myosin, and Molecular Motors

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22
Q

An Introduction to Enzymes

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23
Q

How Enzymes Work

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24
Q

Enzyme Kinetics as an Approach to Understanding Mechanism

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25
Q

Examples of Enzymatic Reactions

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26
Q

Regulatory Enzymes

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27
Q

Monosaccharides and Disaccharides

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28
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Polysaccharides

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29
Q

Glycoconjugates: Proteoglycans, Glycoproteins, and Glycosphingolipids

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30
Q

Carbohydrates as Informational Molecules: The Sugar Code

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31
Q

Working with Carbohydrates

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32
Q

Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids: Some Basics

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33
Q

Nucleic Acid Structure

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34
Q

Nucleic Acid Chemistry

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35
Q

Other Functions of Nucleotides

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36
Q

Studying Genes and Their Products

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37
Q

Using DNA-Based Methods to Understand Protein Function

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38
Q

Genomics and the Human Story

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39
Q

Storage Lipids

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40
Q

Structural Lipids in Membranes

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41
Q

Lipids as Signals, Cofactors, and Pigments

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42
Q

Working with Lipids

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43
Q

The Composition and Architecture of Membranes

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44
Q

Membrane Dynamics

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45
Q

Solute Transport across Membranes

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46
Q

General Features of Signal Transduction

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47
Q

G Protein–Coupled Receptors and Second Messengers

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48
Q

Receptor Tyrosine Kinases

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49
Q

Receptor Guanylyl Cyclases, cGMP, and Protein Kinase G

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50
Q

Multivalent Adaptor Proteins and Membrane Rafts

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51
Q

Gated Ion Channels

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52
Q

Integrins: Bidirectional Cell Adhesion Receptors

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53
Q

Regulation of Transcription by Nuclear Hormone Receptors

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54
Q

Signaling in Microorganisms and Plants

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55
Q

Sensory Transduction in Vision, Olfaction, and Gustation

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56
Q

Regulation of the Cell Cycle by Protein Kinases

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57
Q

Oncogenes, Tumor Suppressor Genes, and Programmed Cell Death

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58
Q

Bioenergetics and Thermodynamics

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59
Q

Chemical Logic and Common Biochemical Reactions

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60
Q

Phosphoryl Group Transfers and ATP

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61
Q

Biological Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

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62
Q

Glycolysis

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63
Q

Feeder Pathways for Glycolysis

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64
Q

Fates of Pyruvate under Anaerobic Conditions: Fermentation

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65
Q

Gluconeogenesis

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66
Q

Pentose Phosphate Pathway of Glucose Oxidation

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67
Q

Regulation of Metabolic Pathways

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68
Q

Analysis of Metabolic Control

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69
Q

Coordinated Regulation of Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis

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70
Q

The Metabolism of Glycogen in Animals

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71
Q

Coordinated Regulation of Glycogen Synthesis and Breakdown

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72
Q

Production of Acetyl-CoA (Activated Acetate)

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73
Q

Reactions of the Citric Acid Cycle

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74
Q

Regulation of the Citric Acid Cycle

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75
Q

The Glyoxylate Cycle

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76
Q

Digestion, Mobilization, and Transport of Fats

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77
Q

Oxidation of Fatty Acids

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78
Q

Ketone Bodies

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79
Q

Metabolic Fates of Amino Groups

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80
Q

Nitrogen Excretion and the Urea Cycle

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81
Q

Pathways of Amino Acid Degradation

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82
Q

Electron-Transfer Reactions
in Mitochondria

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83
Q

ATP Synthesis

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84
Q

Regulation of Oxidative Phosphorylation

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85
Q

Mitochondria in Thermogenesis, Steroid Synthesis, and Apoptosis

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86
Q

Mitochondrial Genes: Their Origin and the Effects of Mutations

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87
Q

General Features of Photophosphorylation

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88
Q

Light Absorption

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89
Q

The Central Photochemical Event: Light-Driven Electron Flow

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90
Q

ATP Synthesis by Photophosphorylation

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91
Q

The Evolution of Oxygenic Photosynthesis

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92
Q

Photosynthetic Carbohydrate Synthesis

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93
Q

Photorespiration and the C4 and CAM Pathways

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94
Q

Biosynthesis of Starch and Sucrose

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95
Q

Synthesis of Cell Wall Polysaccharides: Plant Cellulose and Bacterial Peptidoglycan

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96
Q

Integration of Carbohydrate Metabolism in the Plant Cell

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97
Q

Biosynthesis of Fatty Acids
and Eicosanoids

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98
Q

Biosynthesis of Triacylglycerols

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99
Q

Biosynthesis of Membrane Phospholipids

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100
Q

Cholesterol, Steroids, and Isoprenoids: Biosynthesis, Regulation and Transport

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101
Q

Overview of Nitrogen Metabolism

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102
Q

Biosynthesis of Amino Acids

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103
Q

Molecules Derived from Amino Acids

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104
Q

Biosynthesis and Degradation of Nucleotides

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105
Q

Hormones: Diverse Structures for Diverse Functions

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106
Q

Tissue-Specific Metabolism: The Division of Labor

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107
Q

Hormonal Regulation of Fuel Metabolism

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108
Q

Obesity and the Regulation of Body Mass

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109
Q

Obesity, the Metabolic Syndrome, and Type 2 Diabetes

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110
Q

Chromosomal Elements

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111
Q

DNA Supercoiling

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112
Q

The Structure of Chromosomes

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113
Q

DNA Replication

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114
Q

DNA Repair

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115
Q

DNA Recombination

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116
Q

DNA-Dependent Synthesis of RNA

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117
Q

RNA Processing

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118
Q

RNA-Dependent Synthesis of RNA and DNA

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119
Q

The Genetic Code

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120
Q

Protein Synthesis

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121
Q

Protein synthesis occurs in five stages:

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122
Q

Protein Targeting and Degradation

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123
Q

Principles of Gene Regulation

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124
Q

Regulation of Gene Expression in Bacteria

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125
Q

Regulation of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes

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03 BIO - CONCEPTS (10 decks)

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