Principles of biochemistry - Concepts Flashcards
1
Q
Cellular Foundations
A
2
Q
Chemical Foundations
A
3
Q
Physical Foundations
A
4
Q
Genetic Foundations
A
5
Q
Evolutionary Foundations
A
6
Q
Weak Interactions in Aqueous Systems
A
7
Q
Ionization of Water, Weak Acids, and Weak Bases
A
8
Q
Buffering against pH Changes in Biological Systems
A
9
Q
Water as a Reactant
A
10
Q
Amino Acids
A
11
Q
Peptides and Proteins
A
12
Q
Working with Proteins
A
13
Q
The Structure of Proteins: Primary Structure
A
14
Q
Overview of Protein Structure
A
15
Q
Protein Secondary Structure
A
16
Q
Protein Tertiary Structure
A
17
Q
Protein Quaternary Structures
A
18
Q
Protein Denaturation and Folding
A
19
Q
Reversible Binding of a Protein to a Ligand: Oxygen-Binding Proteins
A
20
Q
Complementary Interactions between Proteins and Ligands: The Immune System and Immunoglobulins
A
21
Q
Protein Interactions Modulated by Chemical Energy: Actin, Myosin, and Molecular Motors
A
22
Q
An Introduction to Enzymes
A
23
Q
How Enzymes Work
A
24
Q
Enzyme Kinetics as an Approach to Understanding Mechanism
A
25
Examples of Enzymatic Reactions
26
Regulatory Enzymes
27
Monosaccharides and Disaccharides
28
Polysaccharides
29
Glycoconjugates: Proteoglycans, Glycoproteins, and Glycosphingolipids
30
Carbohydrates as Informational Molecules: The Sugar Code
31
Working with Carbohydrates
32
Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids: Some Basics
33
Nucleic Acid Structure
34
Nucleic Acid Chemistry
35
Other Functions of Nucleotides
36
Studying Genes and Their Products
37
Using DNA-Based Methods to Understand Protein Function
38
Genomics and the Human Story
39
Storage Lipids
40
Structural Lipids in Membranes
41
Lipids as Signals, Cofactors, and Pigments
42
Working with Lipids
43
The Composition and Architecture of Membranes
44
Membrane Dynamics
45
Solute Transport across Membranes
46
General Features of Signal Transduction
47
G Protein–Coupled Receptors and Second Messengers
48
Receptor Tyrosine Kinases
49
Receptor Guanylyl Cyclases, cGMP, and Protein Kinase G
50
Multivalent Adaptor Proteins and Membrane Rafts
51
Gated Ion Channels
52
Integrins: Bidirectional Cell Adhesion Receptors
53
Regulation of Transcription by Nuclear Hormone Receptors
54
Signaling in Microorganisms and Plants
55
Sensory Transduction in Vision, Olfaction, and Gustation
56
Regulation of the Cell Cycle by Protein Kinases
57
Oncogenes, Tumor Suppressor Genes, and Programmed Cell Death
58
Bioenergetics and Thermodynamics
59
Chemical Logic and Common Biochemical Reactions
60
Phosphoryl Group Transfers and ATP
61
Biological Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
62
Glycolysis
63
Feeder Pathways for Glycolysis
64
Fates of Pyruvate under Anaerobic Conditions: Fermentation
65
Gluconeogenesis
66
Pentose Phosphate Pathway of Glucose Oxidation
67
Regulation of Metabolic Pathways
68
Analysis of Metabolic Control
69
Coordinated Regulation of Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis
70
The Metabolism of Glycogen in Animals
71
Coordinated Regulation of Glycogen Synthesis and Breakdown
72
Production of Acetyl-CoA (Activated Acetate)
73
Reactions of the Citric Acid Cycle
74
Regulation of the Citric Acid Cycle
75
The Glyoxylate Cycle
76
Digestion, Mobilization, and Transport of Fats
77
Oxidation of Fatty Acids
78
Ketone Bodies
79
Metabolic Fates of Amino Groups
80
Nitrogen Excretion and the Urea Cycle
81
Pathways of Amino Acid Degradation
82
Electron-Transfer Reactions
in Mitochondria
83
ATP Synthesis
84
Regulation of Oxidative Phosphorylation
85
Mitochondria in Thermogenesis, Steroid Synthesis, and Apoptosis
86
Mitochondrial Genes: Their Origin and the Effects of Mutations
87
General Features of Photophosphorylation
88
Light Absorption
89
The Central Photochemical Event: Light-Driven Electron Flow
90
ATP Synthesis by Photophosphorylation
91
The Evolution of Oxygenic Photosynthesis
92
Photosynthetic Carbohydrate Synthesis
93
Photorespiration and the C4 and CAM Pathways
94
Biosynthesis of Starch and Sucrose
95
Synthesis of Cell Wall Polysaccharides: Plant Cellulose and Bacterial Peptidoglycan
96
Integration of Carbohydrate Metabolism in the Plant Cell
97
Biosynthesis of Fatty Acids
and Eicosanoids
98
Biosynthesis of Triacylglycerols
99
Biosynthesis of Membrane Phospholipids
100
Cholesterol, Steroids, and Isoprenoids: Biosynthesis, Regulation and Transport
101
Overview of Nitrogen Metabolism
102
Biosynthesis of Amino Acids
103
Molecules Derived from Amino Acids
104
Biosynthesis and Degradation of Nucleotides
105
Hormones: Diverse Structures for Diverse Functions
106
Tissue-Specific Metabolism: The Division of Labor
107
Hormonal Regulation of Fuel Metabolism
108
Obesity and the Regulation of Body Mass
109
Obesity, the Metabolic Syndrome, and Type 2 Diabetes
110
Chromosomal Elements
111
DNA Supercoiling
112
The Structure of Chromosomes
113
DNA Replication
114
DNA Repair
115
DNA Recombination
116
DNA-Dependent Synthesis of RNA
117
RNA Processing
118
RNA-Dependent Synthesis of RNA and DNA
119
The Genetic Code
120
Protein Synthesis
121
Protein synthesis occurs in five stages:
122
Protein Targeting and Degradation
123
Principles of Gene Regulation
124
Regulation of Gene Expression in Bacteria
125
Regulation of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes
