Microbiology - Concepts Flashcards by Valentina Konovalova | Brainscape

Q

Microbes in Our Lives

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Nomenclature

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Types of Organisms

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Classification of Microorganisms

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The First Observations

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The Debate over Spontaneous Generation

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The First Golden Age of Microbiology

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The Second Golden Age of Microbiology

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The Third Golden Age of Microbiology

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Microbes and Human Welfare

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Microbes and Human Disease

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Q

Chemical Principles

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Q

The Structure of Atoms

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Chemical Elements

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Electronic Configurations

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How Atoms Form Molecules: Chemical Bonds

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Ionic Bonds

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Covalent Bonds

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Hydrogen Bonds

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Molecular Mass and Moles

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Chemical Reactions

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Q

Inorganic Compounds

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Water

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Acids, Bases, and Salts

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Acid–Base Balance: The Concept of pH

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Organic Compounds

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Structure and Chemistry

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Carbohydrates

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Lipids

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Proteins

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Nucleic Acids

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Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

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Units of Measurement

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Microscopy: The Instruments

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Light Microscopy

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Two-Photon Microscopy

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Super-Resolution Light Microscopy

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Scanning Acoustic Microscopy

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Electron Microscopy

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Scanned-Probe Microscopy

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Q

Preparing Smears for Staining

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Simple Stains

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Differential Stains

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Special Stains

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Q

Comparing Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells: An Overview

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Q

The Prokaryotic Cell

The Prokaryotic Cell

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Q

The Size, Shape, and Arrangement of Bacterial Cells

The Prokaryotic Cell

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Q

Glycocalyx

The Prokaryotic Cell

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Q

Flagella and Archaella

The Prokaryotic Cell

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Axial Filaments

The Prokaryotic Cell

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Q

Fimbriae and Pili

The Prokaryotic Cell

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Q

Composition and Characteristics of The Cell Wall

The Prokaryotic Cell

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Q

Cell Walls and the Gram Stain Mechanism

The Prokaryotic Cell

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Q

Atypical Cell Walls

The Prokaryotic Cell

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Q

Damage to the Cell Wall

The Prokaryotic Cell

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Q

The Plasma (Cytoplasmic) Membrane

The Prokaryotic Cell

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Q

The Movement of Materials across Membranes

The Prokaryotic Cell

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Q

Cytoplasm

The Prokaryotic Cell

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Q

The Nucleoid

The Prokaryotic Cell

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Ribosomes

The Prokaryotic Cell

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Inclusions

The Prokaryotic Cell

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Q

Endospores

The Prokaryotic Cell

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Q

Flagella and Cilia

The Eukaryotic Cell

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Q

The Cell Wall and Glycocalyx

The Eukaryotic Cell

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Q

The Plasma (Cytoplasmic) Membrane

The Eukaryotic Cell

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Q

Cytoplasm

The Eukaryotic Cell

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Q

Ribosomes

The Eukaryotic Cell

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Organelles

The Eukaryotic Cell

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Q

The Evolution of Eukaryotes

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Q

Catabolic and Anabolic Reactions

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Enzymes

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Q

Naming Enzymes

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Enzyme Components

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Q

Factors Influencing Enzymatic Activity

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Q

Feedback Inhibition

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Ribozymes

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Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

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Q

The Generation of ATP

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Q

Metabolic Pathways of Energy Production

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Carbohydrate Catabolism

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Glycolysis

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Additional Pathways to Glycolysis

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Q

Cellular Respiration

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Fermentation

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Q

Lipid and Protein Catabolism

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Q

Biochemical Tests and Bacterial Identification

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Photosynthesis

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Q

The Light-Dependent Reactions: Photophosphorylation

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Q

The Light-Independent Reactions: The Calvin-Benson Cycle

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Q

A Summary of Energy Production Mechanisms

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Q

Metabolic Diversity among Organisms

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Q

Polysaccharide Biosynthesis

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Lipid Biosynthesis

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Amino Acid and Protein Biosynthesis

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Purine and Pyrimidine Biosynthesis

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Q

The Integration of Metabolism

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The Requirements for Growth

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Physical Requirements

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Chemical Requirements

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Q

Biofilms

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Culture Media

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Chemically Defined Media

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Complex Media

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Anaerobic Growth Media and Methods

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Special Culture Techniques

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Selective and Differential Media

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Enrichment Culture

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Obtaining Pure Cultures

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Preserving Bacterial Cultures

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Bacterial Division

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Generation Time

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Logarithmic Representation of Bacterial Populations

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Phases of Growth

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Direct Measurement of Microbial Growth

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Estimating Bacterial Numbers by Indirect Methods

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The Terminology of Microbial Control

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The Rate of Microbial Death

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Alteration of Membrane Permeability

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Damage to Proteins and Nucleic Acids

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Heat

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Filtration

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Low Temperatures

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High Pressure

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Desiccation

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Osmotic Pressure

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Radiation

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Chemical Methods of Microbial Control

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Principles of Effective Disinfection

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Evaluating a Disinfectant

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Types of Disinfectants

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Microbial Characteristics and Microbial Control

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Structure and Function of the Genetic Material

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Genotype and Phenotype

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DNA and Chromosomes

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The Flow of Genetic Information

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DNA Replication

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RNA and Protein Synthesis

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The Regulation of Bacterial Gene Expression

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Pre-transcriptional Control

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Post-transcriptional Control

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Changes in Genetic Material

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Mutation

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Types of Mutations

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Mutagens

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The Frequency of Mutation

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Identifying Mutants

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Identifying Chemical Carcinogens

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Genetic Transfer and Recombination

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Plasmids and Transposons

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Transformation in Bacteria

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Conjugation in Bacteria

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Transduction in Bacteria

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Genes and Evolution

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Introduction to Biotechnology

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Recombinant DNA Technology

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An Overview of Recombinant DNA Procedures

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Selection

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Mutation

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Restriction Enzymes

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Vectors

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Polymerase Chain Reaction

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Inserting Foreign DNA into Cells

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Obtaining DNA

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Selecting a Clone

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Making a Gene Product

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Applications of DNA Technology

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Therapeutic Applications

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Genome Projects

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Scientific Applications

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Agricultural Applications

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Safety Issues and the Ethics of Using DNA
Technology

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Classification of Organisms

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The Study of Phylogenetic Relationships

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The Three Domains

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A Phylogenetic Tree

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Scientific Nomenclature

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The Taxonomic Hierarchy

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Classification of Prokaryotes

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Classification of Eukaryotes

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Classification of Viruses

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Methods of Classifying and Identifying Microorganisms

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The Prokaryotes: Domains Bacteria and Archaea

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The Prokaryotes: The Prokaryotic Groups

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Domain Bacteria

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The Proteobacteria

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The Nonproteobacteria Gram-Negative Bacteria

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The Gram-Positive Bacteria

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Domain Archaea

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Microbial Diversity

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The Eukaryotes: Fungi

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Characteristics of Fungi

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Medically Important Fungi

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Fungal Diseases

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Economic Effects of Fungi

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Lichens

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Algae

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Characteristics of Algae

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Selected Phyla of Algae

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Roles of Algae in Nature

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Protozoa

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Characteristics of Protozoa

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Medically Important Protozoa

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Slime Molds

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Helminths

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Characteristics of Helminths

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Platyhelminths

A

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Nematodes

A

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Arthropods as Vectors

A

Q

General Characteristics of Viruses

A

Q

Host Range

A

Q

Viral Size

A

Q

Viral Structure

A

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Nucleic Acid (Viruses)

A

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Capsid and Envelope

A

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General Morphology of Viruses

A

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Taxonomy of Viruses

A

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Isolation, Cultivation, and Identification of Viruses

A

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Growing Bacteriophages in the Laboratory

A

Q

Growing Animal Viruses in the Laboratory

A

Q

Viral Identification

A

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Viral Multiplication

A

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Multiplication of Bacteriophages

A

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Multiplication of Animal Viruses

A

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Viruses and Cancer

A

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The Transformation of Normal Cells into Tumor Cells

A

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DNA Oncogenic Viruses

A

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RNA Oncogenic Viruses

A

Q

Viruses to Treat Cancer

A

Q

Latent Viral Infections

A

Q

Persistent Viral Infections

A

Q

Plant Viruses and Viroids

A

Q

Prions

A

Q

Introduction to Principles of Disease and Epidemiology

A

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Pathology, Infection, and Disease

A

Q

Human Microbiome

A

Q

Relationships between the Normal Microbiota and the Host

A

Q

Opportunistic Microorganisms

A

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Cooperation among Microorganisms

A

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Koch’s Postulates

A

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Exceptions to Koch’s Postulates

A

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Classifying Infectious Diseases

A

Q

Occurrence of a Disease

A

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Severity or Duration of a Disease

A

Q

Extent of Host Involvement

A

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Patterns of Disease: Predisposing Factors

A

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Development of Disease

A

Q

Reservoirs of Infection

A

Q

Transmission of Disease

A

Q

Healthcare-Associated Infections (HAIs)

A

Q

Microorganisms in the Hospital

A

Q

Compromised Host

A

Q

Chain of Transmission

A

Q

Control of Healthcare-Associated Infections

A

Q

Emerging Infectious Diseases

A

Q

Epidemiology

A

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Microbial Mechanisms of Pathogenicity

A

Q

How Microorganisms Enter a Host

A

Q

Portals of Entry

A

Q

The Preferred Portal of Entry

A

Q

Numbers of Invading Microbes

A

Q

Adherence

A

Q

Capsules

A

Q

Cell Wall Components

A

Q

Enzymes

A

Q

Antigenic Variation

A

Q

Penetration into the Host

A

Q

Biofilms (How Bacterial Pathogens Penetrate Host Defenses)

A

Q

Using the Host’s Nutrients: Siderophores

How Bacterial Pathogens Damage Host Cells

A

Q

Direct Damage

How Bacterial Pathogens Damage Host Cells

A

Q

The Production of Toxins

How Bacterial Pathogens Damage Host Cells

A

Q

Plasmids, Lysogeny, and Pathogenicity

How Bacterial Pathogens Damage Host Cells

A

Q

Pathogenic Properties of Viruses

A

Q

Pathogenic Properties of Fungi, Protozoa, Helminths, and Algae

A

Q

Portals of Exit

A

Q

Innate Immunity: Nonspecific Defenses of the Host - Introduction

A

Q

The Concept of Immunity

A

Q

First Line of Defense: Skin and Mucous Membranes

A

Q

Physical Factors of Immunity

A

Q

Chemical Factors of Immunity

A

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Normal Microbiota and Innate Immunity

A

Q

Second Line of Defense

A

Q

Formed Elements in Blood

A

Q

The Lymphatic System

A

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Phagocytes

A

Q

Actions of Phagocytic Cells

A

Q

The Mechanism of Phagocytosis

A

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Inflammation

A

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Vasodilation and Increased Permeability of Blood Vessels

A

Q

Phagocyte Migration and Phagocytosis

A

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Tissue Repair

A

Q

Fever

A

Q

Antimicrobial Substances: The Complement System

A

Q

Antimicrobial Substances: Interferons

A

Q

Antimicrobial Substances: Iron-Binding Proteins

A

Q

Antimicrobial Substances: Antimicrobial Peptides

A

Q

Antimicrobial Substances: Other Factors

A

Q

The Adaptive Immune System

A

Q

Dual Nature of the Adaptive Immune System

A

Q

Cytokines: Chemical Messengers of Immune Cells

A

Q

Antigens

A

Q

Humoral Immunity: Antibodies

A

Q

Humoral Immunity Response Process

A

Q

Activation and Clonal Expansion of Antibody-Producing Cells

A

Q

Results of the Antigen–Antibody Interaction

A

Q

Cellular Immunity Response Process

A

Q

Antigen-Presenting Cells (APCs)

A

Q

Classes of T Cells

A

Q

Nonspecific Cells and Extracellular Killing by the Adaptive Immune System

A

Q

Immunological Memory

A

Q

Types of Adaptive Immunity

A

Q

Vaccines

A

Q

Principles and Effects of Vaccination

A

Q

Types of Vaccines and Their Characteristics

A

Q

Vaccine Production, Delivery Methods, and Formulations

A

Q

Diagnostic Immunology

A

Q

Use of Monoclonal Antibodies

A

Q

Precipitation Reactions

A

Q

Agglutination Reactions

A

Q

Neutralization Reactions

A

Q

Complement-Fixation Reactions

A

Q

Fluorescent-Antibody Techniques

A

Q

Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)

A

Q

Western Blotting (Immunoblotting)

A

Q

The Future of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Immunology

A

Q

Disorders Associated with the Immune System

A

Q

Hypersensitivity

A

Q

Allergies and the Microbiome

A

Q

Type I (Anaphylactic) Reactions

A

Q

Type II (Cytotoxic) Reactions

A

Q

Type III (Immune Complex) Reactions

A

Q

Type IV (Delayed Cell-Mediated) Reactions

A

Q

Autoimmune Diseases

A

Q

Reactions Related to Transplantation

A

Q

The Immune System and Cancer

A

Q

Immunotherapy for Cancer

A

Q

Immunodeficiencies

A

Q

The Origin of AIDS

A

Q

HIV Infection

A

Q

Diagnostic Methods

A

Q

HIV Transmission

A

Q

AIDS Worldwide

A

Q

Preventing and Treating AIDS

A

Q

Antimicrobial Drugs

A

Q

The History of Chemotherapy

A

Q

The Spectrum of Antimicrobial Activity

A

Q

The Action of Antimicrobial Drugs

A

Q

Antibacterial Antibiotics: Inhibitors of Cell Wall Synthesis

A

Q

Inhibitors of Protein Synthesis

A

Q

Injury to Membranes

A

Q

Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors

A

Q

Competitive Inhibition of Essential Metabolites

A

Q

Antifungal Drugs

A

Q

Antiviral Drugs

A

Q

Antiprotozoan and Antihelminthic Drugs

A

Q

Tests to Guide Chemotherapy

A

Q

The Diffusion Methods

A

Q

Broth Dilution Tests

A

Q

Resistance to Antimicrobial Drugs

A

Q

Antibiotic Safety

A

Q

Effects of Combinations of Drugs

A

Q

Future of Chemotherapeutic Agents

A

Q

Microbial Diseases of the Skin and Eyes: Introduction

A

Q

Structure and Function of the Skin

A

Q

Normal Microbiota of the Skin

A

Q

Microbial Diseases of the Skin

A

Q

Bacterial Diseases of the Skin

A

Q

Viral Diseases of the Skin

A

Q

Fungal Diseases of the Skin and Nails

A

Q

Parasitic Infestation of the Skin

A

Q

Inflammation of the Eye Membranes: Conjunctivitis

A

Q

Bacterial Diseases of the Eye

A

Q

Other Infectious Diseases of the Eye

A

Q

Structure and Function of the Nervous System

A

Q

Bacterial Meningitis

A

Q

Tetanus

A

Q

Botulism

A

Q

Leprosy

A

Q

Poliomyelitis

A

Q

Rabies

A

Q

Arboviral Encephalitis

A

Q

Fungal Disease of the Nervous System: Cryptococcus neoformans Meningitis (Cryptococcosis)

A

Q

Protozoan Diseases of the Nervous System: Protozoan Diseases of the Nervous System

A

Q

Protozoan Diseases of the Nervous System: Amebic Meningoencephalitis

A

Q

Nervous System Diseases Caused by Prions

A

Q

Nervous System Diseases Caused by Unidentified Agents

A

Q

Structure and Function of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems

A

Q

Sepsis and Septic Shock

A

Q

Bacterial Infections of the Heart

A

Q

Rheumatic Fever

A

Q

Tularemia

A

Q

Brucellosis (Undulant Fever)

A

Q

Anthrax

A

Q

Gangrene

A

Q

Systemic Diseases Caused by Bites and Scratches

A

Q

Vector-Transmitted Diseases

A

Q

Burkitt’s Lymphoma

A

Q

Infectious Mononucleosis

A

Q

Other Diseases and Epstein-Barr Virus

A

Q

Cytomegalovirus Infections

A

Q

Chikungunya Fever

A

Q

Classic Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers

A

Q

Emerging Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers

A

Q

Chagas Disease (American Trypanosomiasis)

A

Q

Toxoplasmosis

A

Q

Malaria

A

Q

Leishmaniasis

A

Q

Babesiosis

A

Q

Schistosomiasis

A

Q

Kawasaki Syndrome

A

Q

Microbial Diseases of the Respiratory System: Introduction

A

Q

Structure and Function of the Respiratory System

A

Q

Normal Microbiota of the Respiratory System

A

Q

Microbial Diseases of the Upper Respiratory System

A

Q

Streptococcal Pharyngitis (Strep Throat)

A

Q

Scarlet Fever

A

Q

Diphtheria

A

Q

Otitis Media

A

Q

Viral Disease of the Upper Respiratory System: The Common Cold

A

Q

Microbial Diseases of the Lower Respiratory System

A

Q

Pertussis (Whooping Cough)

A

Q

Tuberculosis

A

Q

Bacterial Pneumonias

A

Q

Melioidosis

A

Q

Viral Pneumonia

A

Q

Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)

A

Q

Influenza (Flu)

A

Q

Fungal Diseases of the Lower Respiratory System

A

Q

Histoplasmosis

A

Q

Coccidioidomycosis

A

Q

Pneumocystis Pneumonia

A

Q

Blastomycosis (North American Blastomycosis)

A

Q

Other Fungi Involved in Respiratory Disease

A

Q

Microbial Diseases of the Digestive System: Introduction

A

Q

Structure and Function of the Digestive System

A

Q

Normal Microbiota of the Digestive System

A

Q

Dental Caries (Tooth Decay)

A

Q

Periodontal Disease

A

Q

Bacterial Diseases of the Lower Digestive System

A

Q

Staphylococcal Food Poisoning (Staphylococcal Enterotoxicosis)

A

Q

Shigellosis (Bacillary Dysentery)

A

Q

Salmonellosis (Salmonella Gastroenteritis)

A

Q

Typhoid Fever

A

Q

Cholera

A

Q

Noncholera Vibrios

A

Q

Escherichia coli Gastroenteritis

A

Q

Campylobacteriosis (Campylobacter Gastroenteritis)

A

Q

Helicobacter Peptic Ulcer Disease

A

Q

Yersinia Gastroenteritis

A

Q

Clostridium perfringens Gastroenteritis

A

Q

Clostridium difficile–Associated Diarrhea

A

Q

Bacillus cereus Gastroenteritis

A

Q

Mumps

A

Q

Hepatitis

A

Q

Viral Gastroenteritis

A

Q

Fungal Diseases of the Digestive System

A

Q

Giardiasis

A

Q

Cryptosporidiosis

A

Q

Cyclosporiasis

A

Q

Amebic Dysentery (Amebiasis)

A

Q

Tapeworms

A

Q

Hydatid Disease

A

Q

Nematodes

A

Q

Microbial Diseases of the Urinary and Reproductive Systems: Introduction

A

Q

Structure and Function of the Urinary System

A

Q

Structure and Function of the Reproductive Systems

A

Q

Normal Microbiota of the Urinary and Reproductive Systems

A

Q

Bacterial Diseases of the Urinary System

A

Q

Cystitis

A

Q

Pyelonephritis

A

Q

Leptospirosis

A

Q

Diseases of the Reproductive Systems

A

Q

Gonorrhea

A

Q

Nongonococcal Urethritis (NGU)

A

Q

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)

A

Q

Syphilis

A

Q

Lymphogranuloma Venereum (LGV)

A

Q

Chancroid (Soft Chancre)

A

Q

Bacterial Vaginosis

A

Q

Genital Herpes

A

Q

Genital Warts

A

Q

AIDS

A

Q

Candidiasis

A

Q

Trichomoniasis

A

Q

Microbial Diversity and Habitats

A

Q

Symbiosis

A

Q

Soil Microbiology and Biogeochemical Cycles

A

Q

The Carbon Cycle

A

Q

The Nitrogen Cycle

A

Q

The Sulfur Cycle

A

Q

Organisms that live without Sunshine

A

Q

The Phosphorus Cycle

A

Q

The Degradation of Synthetic Chemicals in Soil and Water

A

Q

Aquatic Microorganisms

A

Q

The Role of Microorganisms in Water Quality

A

Q

Water Treatment

A

Q

Sewage (Wastewater) Treatment

A

Q

Food Microbiology

A

Q

Foods and Disease

A

Q

Industrial Food Canning

A

Q

Aseptic Packaging

A

Q

Radiation and Industrial Food Preservation

A

Q

High-Pressure Food Preservation

A

Q

The Role of Microorganisms in Food Production

A

Q

Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology

A

Q

Fermentation Technology

A

Q

Industrial Products

A

Q

Alternative Energy Sources Using Microorganisms

A

Q

Biofuels

A

Q

Industrial Microbiology and the Future

A