Chemistry A molecular approach - Concepts. 130m Flashcards by Valentina Konovalova

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Atoms and Molecules

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The Scientific Approach to Knowledge

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The Classification of Matter

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The Properties of Matter

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Energy

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The Units of Measurement and Significant Figures

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Brownian Motion

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The Atomic Theory

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The Electron

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The Nuclear Atom

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Subatomic Particles

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The Periodic Table

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Atomic Mass and the Mole

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Chemical Bonds

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Representing Molecules and Compounds

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Formula Mass and Mole Concept for Compounds

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Chemical Composition

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Organic Compounds

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Climate Change and the Combustion of Fossil Fuels

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Writing and Balancing Chemical Equations

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Reaction Stoichiometry

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Limiting Reactant, Theoretical Yield, and Percent Yield

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Combustion, Alkali Metals, and Halogens

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Solution Concentration and Stoichiometry

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Aqueous Solutions and Precipitation Reactions

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Equations for Aqueous Reactions

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Acid–Base and Gas-Evolution Reactions

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Oxidation–Reduction Reactions

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Pressure

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The Simple Gas Laws

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The Ideal Gas Law and Its Applications

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Mixtures of Gases and Partial Pressures

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Gas Stoichiometry

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Kinetic Molecular Theory and Its Applications

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Real Gases

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The Nature of Energy and Thermodynamics

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Heat and Work

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Enthalpy

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Calorimetry

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Calculating 𝚫Hrxn

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Environmental Problems Associated with Fossil Fuel Use

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The Realm of Quantum Mechanics

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The Nature of Light

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Atomic Spectroscopy

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The Wave Nature of Matter

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The Quantum-Mechanical Model of the Atom

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Periodic Properties and the Development of the Periodic Table

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Electron Configurations

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Electron Configurations and the Periodic Table

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Effective Nuclear Charge and Periodic Trends in Atomic Size

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Ion Properties

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Electron Affinities and Metallic Character

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Bonding Models and AIDS Drugs

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Types of Chemical Bonds

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The Lewis Model and Electron Dots

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Ionic Lewis Structures and Lattice Energy

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Covalent Lewis Structures, Electronegativity, and Polarity

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Resonance and Formal Charge

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Exceptions to the Octet Rule

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Bond Energies and Bond Lengths

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Bonding in Metals

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Molecular Shape and VSEPR Theory

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Polarity

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Valence Bond Theory

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Molecular Orbital Theory

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Solids, Liquids, and Intermolecular Forces

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Surface Tension, Viscosity, and Capillary Action

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Vaporization and Vapor Pressure

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Fusion and Sublimation

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Phase Diagrams

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The Uniqueness of Water

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Crystalline Structures

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Ionic Solids

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Network Covalent Atomic Solids

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Ceramics, Cement, and Glass

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Semiconductors and Band Theory

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Polymers and Plastics

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Solutions

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Solubility and Energetics of Solution Formation

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Solution Equilibrium

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Concentration Units

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Vapor Pressure Lowering, Freezing Point Depression, Boiling Point Elevation, and Osmosis

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Colloids

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Reaction Rates, Orders, and Rate Laws

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Integrated Rate Laws and Half-Life

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The Effect of Temperature on Reaction Rate

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Reaction Mechanisms

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Catalysis

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The Equilibrium Constant

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Dynamic Equilibrium

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The Equilibrium Constant Expression

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The Equilibrium Constant, K

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States of Matter and the Equilibrium Constant

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Calculating K

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The Reaction Quotient, Q

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Finding Equilibrium Concentrations

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Le Châtelier’s Principle

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Heartburn

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The Nature of Acids and Bases

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Definitions of Acids and Bases

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Acid Strength and the Acid Dissociation Constant, Ka

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Autoionization of Water and pH

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Finding the [H3O + ] and pH of Strong and Weak Acid Solutions

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Base Solutions

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Ions as Acids and Bases

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Polyprotic Acids

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Acid Strength and Molecular Structure

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Lewis Acids and Bases

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Acid Rain

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The Danger of Antifreeze

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Buffers - Solutions That Resist pH Change

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Buffer Range and Buffer Capacity

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Titrations and pH Curves

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Solubility Equilibria and the Solubility Product Constant

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Precipitation

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Qualitative Chemical Analysis

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Complex Ion Equilibria

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Spontaneous and Nonspontaneous Processes

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Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics

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The Entropy Changes Associated with Changes of State

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Heat Transfer and Changes in the Entropy of the Surroundings

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Gibbs Free Energy

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Entropy Changes in Chemical Reactions - Calculating 𝚫S° rxn

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Free Energy Changes in Chemical Reactions - Calculating 𝚫G° rxn

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Free Energy Changes for Nonstandard States - The Relationship between 𝚫G° rxn and 𝚫Grxn

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Free Energy and Equilibrium - Relating 𝚫G° rxn to the Equilibrium Constant (K)

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Pulling the Plug on the Power Grid

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Balancing Oxidation–Reduction Equations

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Voltaic (or Galvanic) Cells - Generating Electricity from Spontaneous Chemical Reactions

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Standard Electrode Potentials

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Cell Potential, Free Energy, and the Equilibrium Constant

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Cell Potential and Concentration

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Batteries - Using Chemistry to Generate Electricity

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Electrolysis - Driving Nonspontaneous Chemical Reactions with Electricity

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Corrosion - Undesirable Redox Reactions

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Diagnosing Appendicitis

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The Discovery of Radioactivity

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Types of Radioactivity

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The Valley of Stability - Predicting the Type of Radioactivity

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Detecting Radioactivity

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The Kinetics of Radioactive Decay and Radiometric Dating

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The Discovery of Fission - The Atomic Bomb and Nuclear Power

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Converting Mass to Energy - Mass Defect and Nuclear Binding Energy

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Nuclear Fusion - The Power of the Sun

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Nuclear Transmutation and Transuranium Elements

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The Effects of Radiation on Life

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Radioactivity in Medicine

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Fragrances and Odors

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Carbon

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Hydrocarbons

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Alkanes

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Alkenes and Alkynes

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Hydrocarbon Reactions

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Aromatic Hydrocarbons

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Functional Groups

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Alcohols

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Aldehydes and Ketones

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Carboxylic Acids and Esters

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Ethers

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Amines

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Diabetes and the Synthesis of Human Insulin

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Lipids

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Carbohydrates

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Proteins and Amino Acids

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Protein Structure

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Nucleic Acids

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DNA Replication, the Double Helix, and Protein Synthesis

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Bonding and Properties

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The Most Common Matter - Silicates

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Boron

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Carbon

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Nitrogen and Phosphorus

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Oxygen

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Sulfur

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Halogens

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General Properties

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Natural Distribution of Metals

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Metallurgical Processes

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Phase Diagrams

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Types of Alloys

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Electron Configurations

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Periodic Trends

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Composition and Naming of Coordination Compounds

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Types of Isomers

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Crystal Field Theory

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