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Principles knowledge corrections Flashcards

1
Q

strict aerobes

A

pseudomonas - gram -ve

legionella - gram -ve

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2
Q

viruses contain

A

RNA/DNA

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3
Q

what antibiotics act on bacterial cell wall

A

penicillins, cephalosporins, glycopeptides

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4
Q

penicilins

A

safe in preg, exreted via kidney, bactericidal

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5
Q

phenoxymethyl - penicillin

A

penicilin V

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6
Q

beta lactamase

A

destroys amoxicillin

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7
Q

co- amoxiclav

A

tracts everything apart from pseudomonas and MRSA

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8
Q

cephalosporins

A

bactericidal, sage in preg, excreted via kidneys and urine

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9
Q

gentamicin

A

aminoglycosides antibiotics, bacteriostatic and bactericidal, not safe in preg , excreted via urine

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10
Q

antibiotics that act on bacterial DNA

A

metronidazole, trimethoprium +/- sulphanimide, fluroquinolones

sulphanimide- bacteriostatic and makes co-trimoxazole

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11
Q

antibiotics causing C.diff

A

ciprofloaxan, co- amxoxiclav, clindamycin, cephalosporins/ cefriaxone

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12
Q

acrocentric chromosomes

A

p arm too short

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13
Q

aneuploidy

A

abnormal no. of chromosome s
monosomy- 1 missing
trisomy- extra

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14
Q

Robertsonian translocation

A

chromosome attaches to another chromosome at centromere

13,14,15,21,22

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15
Q

x linked disease

A

disease on X chromosome
female carriers- 0.5 M and F kids affected
M carriers- F kids carriers

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16
Q

epigenetic variation

A

changes in the genome that don’t change nucleotide sequence

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17
Q

methylation

A

inhibits DNA transcription

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18
Q

5 types of leukocytes/ WBC

A

neutrophils, basophils, mast cells, eosinophils, monocytes, lymphocytes

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19
Q

major opsonins

A

C3b, collectins, Fc of IgG, CRP

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20
Q

oxidative killing

A

NADPH oxidase

O2 to free radicals

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21
Q

interferons

A

limits viral infections

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22
Q

interleukons

A

tell cells to differentiate

produced by T cells

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23
Q

classical pathway

A

C1,C4, C2,C3

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24
Q

lectin pathway

A

manose binding lectin to carbs

no antibodies cause this is like C1 binding

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25
Q

complement inhibitors

A

C1, factor I and H, C4 binding protein , CD59

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26
Q

IgE activates

A

mast cells

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27
Q

T cell activation

A

MHC binding T cell receptor

B7 binding to CD28

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28
Q

IL-4, IL-5, IFNy

A

activates B cells and increases killing

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29
Q

pro inflammatory cytokines

A

IL-1, IL-6, TNF

30
Q

AA groups

A

non polar hydrophobic, polar uncharged, acidic, basic

31
Q

central dogma

A

DNA transcribed to RNA

translated to protein

32
Q

Pol I, II and III

A

Pol I and III synthesise stable RNA

Pol II - all RNA

33
Q

can enzymes change equilibrium position

34
Q

apoenzymes

A

enzyme without co factor

35
Q

isoenzymes

A

catalyse same reactions as enzymes but diff structure

36
Q

CK

A

isoenzyme, M form made in skeletal muscle , B form in brain, MB form in heart

37
Q

Zymogens

A

inactive precursors of enzymes

38
Q

comp inhibition

A

vmax same

km increased

39
Q

non comp inhibition

A

vmax lower

km same

40
Q

T and R

A

T- enzyme inactive

R- active when there is a substrate

41
Q

-ve electron transfer protiential

A

more likely to donate electrons than H2

42
Q

Vd/ volume distribution

A

dose/ plasma con

volume where drug is dissoleved

43
Q

sympathetic pre ganglionic

A

AcH

cholinergenic

44
Q

sympathetic post ganglionic

A

adrenergic

noradrenaline

45
Q

U1

A

post ganglionic neurone

46
Q

Noradrenaline taken up by and broken down by

A

taken by U2

broken down by COMT

47
Q

Co/ initial con

48
Q

t 1/2

49
Q

1rst order kinetic drugs

A

dose changes Cp but not t 1/2

50
Q

resting membrane potential/ Vm

51
Q

Na+ channel activation cascade

A

+ve feedback

52
Q

refractory period of AP

A

inactivated Na channels, repolarisation to closed state

53
Q

supparation

A

pus, living and dying cells, dead neutrophils, debris, bacteria

54
Q

granulomatous tissue formation

A

cappilaries grow into inflammatory exudate with macroohages and fibroblasts

angiogenesis, fibroblast prolycration and collegen synthesis

55
Q

barretts oesophagus

A

squamous to glandular epithelium

56
Q

senescence

A

deterioation of cell function

57
Q

modulators of angiogenesis

A

hypoxia, VEGF, TNF alpha

58
Q

how to sarcomas metastasise

A

haematogenous

59
Q

onogenes

A

PDGF, ras, src

60
Q

N1

A

1-3 lymph nodes

61
Q

N2

A

4+ lymph nodes affect

62
Q

tight junctions

A

join lateral edges of epithelium cells near apical membranes

63
Q

Na, K pump

A

3Na+ out

2K in

64
Q

2ndary active transport

A

symport (solute and ion move in the same direction)

antiport- move in opposite directions

65
Q

baroreceptors

A

control MAP located in aortic arch and carotid bodies
control centre- meduella oblongata
effectors- heart and blood vessels

66
Q

CO

A

volume of blood pumped by each ventricle/ min

SV x HR

67
Q

SV

A

volume of blood pumped by each ventricle/ heart beat

68
Q

in starvation what controls glucose

A

cortisol and GH

69
Q

insulin decreases glucose

A

uptake of glucose by muscle and fat cells
activate liver enzymes
glucose to glucagon

70
Q

glucagon increases glucose

A

increase glycogenolysis/ inhibits glycogen synthesis

71
Q

cortisol increases glucose

A

stimulate protien catabolism, lypolysis and gluconeogenesis

Question corrections (17 decks)

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