Principles formative corrections Flashcards
mass effect
local pressure from a tumour/ bleeding on brain/kidneys
paraneoplastic syndrome
group of uncommon disorders in people with cancer
symptoms- difficulty walking, swallowing, decreased muscle tone, slurred speech, vision problems
anterior roots/ rootlets
motor fibres (somatic, sympathetic/T1-L2) and parasympathetic (S2,3,4)
posterior roots and rootlets
sensory fibres
spinal nerves
motor and sensory
spinal cord ends
L1/L2
infants and newborns end L3
lumbar punctures at L3/4
can joints move
yes but not all are moveable
skelaton has cartilage?
yes
mobility at one joint
decreases stability
dense regular connective tissue
packed extracellular bundles of collagen fibres in random directions
short okazki fragments
templates in DNA rep
nucleic acids 5 to 3
both strands
RNA polymerase
transcribes mRNA from DNA
transcription factors
enhancers
protiens that bind to DNA
DNA sequences that regulate transcription
FiFo ATPase
proton pore that transfers energy into high energy phosphate bonds in inner mitochondrial membrane
pyruvate to lactate
regenerates NADH by glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase
phase 1 reactions
agonist
can make drug more toxic
drug that has same effect on receptor as endogenous chemical receptor
doubling rate of administration of drug
doubles ss plasma con of drug
apparent volume dist for drug is extrapolated volume
drug dose/ plasma con
partial agonist
drugs bind to and activate receptor but have partial efficacy
feed forward
-ve feedback
anticipatory response
control of BP and opposes initial change
What can cross membrane
pure phospholipid bilayer impermeable to
small polar molecules
water
test for chromosome imbalances
chromosomal microarray first line
mRNA formation from DNA
transcription
mRNA= transcript
what regulate thermostat in fever
prostaglandins
immunophenotyping
analysis of lymphocytes
defensins
anti-microbial protein secreted by epithelial cels and mucosal surfaces
Fab
antigen binding site
membrane attack complex
lyse pathogens via membrane insertion and osmotic lysis
pinocytosis
internilisation of fluids into cells by invagination of cell membrane
chemotaxis
mov of cells along increasing/ decreasing con gradient like neutrophils in inflammation
CD8 expressed on
CD4 function
cytotoxic T cells
identifies Helper T cells
virus
protien shell/ capsid encloses RNA/DNA genome and sometimes envelope from host cell membrane
bacterial endotoxin associated with sepsis
outer membrane and lipopolysaccharide released by gram -ve bacteria
lectin pathway cascade activates
complement cascade without antibodies
advantages of using DNA technology to identify bacteria
allows identification of microbes that can’t be grown normally
C difficile
risk of transmission not malaria or e coli
haemolotysis
streptococcus!!
infiltration
cause of stools through vagina
tumour supressor genes
stabalise gennome
benign lesion
normal mitosis, diploid DNA, low nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio , no necrosis
malignancy
enlarged and pleomorphic nuclei
granulation tissue
endothelial cells and myofibroblast
granuloma
macrophages / histocytes
very brief advice about smoking to a patient who smokes a lot seeing GP
primary preventions
hypovolaemic shock
reflex tachycardia
