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B3.0 > Principles In Animal Development > Flashcards

Principles In Animal Development Flashcards

1
Q

How do cells know what to become and

A
  • how do cells know where to go
  • is this fundamentally the same q?
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2
Q

Positional fate mapping

A

Interactions in order to generate an adult plan, as well as progression of developmental shapes

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3
Q

Process of cellular “becoming”

A
  • Fate and lineage
  • commitment (specification and determination) and differentiation
  • organelle induction
  • positional information, morphine and self-organisation
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4
Q

How do cells know where to go?

A

Morphogenesis via cell migration and motility

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5
Q

Fate and lineage

A

Label a blastomere and observe

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6
Q

Fate

A

What a cell will (or has) become

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7
Q

Lineage

A

Where/who a cell ce from

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8
Q

Xenopus photoconvertible methodology

A
  • inject protein @ zygote stage; integrated into every cell
  • UV
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9
Q

Lineage tracing

A
  • label one cell and follow all descendants to create a Family Tree
  • v difficult
  • new system of inquiry
  • facilitated by intestinal organoid microscopy
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10
Q

Lineage tracing

A
  • label one cell and follow all descendants to create a Family Tree
  • v difficult
  • new system of inquiry
  • facilitated by intestinal organoid microscopy
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11
Q

Specification

A

Reversible

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12
Q

Determination

A

Irreversible

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13
Q

Differentiation

A
  • When specific cells types are formed (e.g. muscle cells, neurons)
  • an be inferred from morphology/ T profiles
  • often come post-mitotic
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14
Q

Committed?

A
  • an experimental embryology approach
  • do they do in culture what they would in vivo?
  • yes: committed
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15
Q

Specified/determined

A
  • transplant!
  • do they do what they would do in vivo in donor?
  • yes: determined
  • no: specified
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16
Q

Induce

A

Change the fate

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17
Q

Pattern

A

Generate an organised set of structures

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18
Q

Induction

A
  • tested using transplanted cells
  • eye lens, heart
  • the embryonic process in which one group cells, the inducing tissue, directs the development of another group of cells, the responding tissue
  • first shown in newts
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19
Q

When under the influence of a transplant, are surrounding cells

A

Induced to become something different

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20
Q

Investigating induction

A
  • interspecies transplants by dissection, under the prospective ectoderm of the blastopore lip in newts
  • does the foetus develop finto in host/transplanted tissues?
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21
Q

Newts

A
  • tissue colour varies by species (light/pigmented)
22
Q

Induction results

A
  • 2nd invagination site
  • secondary axis with somites, neuronal plates
23
Q

Organisers

A

A region, or a group of cells in an embryo that can both induce, and cause pattern, adjacent embryonic structures

24
Q

Blastopore lip

A

An organiser in amphibian embryos, affects neighbour behaviour

25
Q

Experimental organisation of blatopore lip results in

A

Newts conjoined @ belly

26
Q

Hensen’s node

A
  • avian amniote organiser
  • forms from primitive streak?
  • analogous to blastopore lip
  • grafting from quail embryo to chick host results in new axis induction
27
Q

Pattern formation

A

The process by which distinct spatial territories are specified in a population of cells in a developing tissue

28
Q

Territories

A
  • defined by different molecular / T identities
  • tend to precede morphological change ; embryonic complexity
29
Q

Drosophila territories

A

Segment gene hierarchy

30
Q

Gap

A
  • broad, overlapping domains
  • all happens in the blastoderm, before morphological appearance
31
Q

Positional information

A

Proposes that cells acquire positional values as in a co-ordinate system, which they interpret by developing specific ways to give rise to spatial patterns

32
Q

Questions regarding positional information

A
  • how is it set up?
  • how is it recorded?
  • how is it interpreted? Cells read concentrations of a given signal?
33
Q

The French Flag model

A
  • morphogen conc changes by distance from source
  • e.g. bcd
  • graded signals across a field or cells would be read and interpreted
  • adjust according to position in gradient
  • size variation doesn’t affect proportions: scalable
34
Q

Morphogens

A

Signalling molecules that emanate from a restricted tissue region, spreading away from their source to form a conc gradient

35
Q

Fate and morphogens

A

As the fate of each cell in the field depends on the morphogen concentration, the gradient prefigures developmental patterning ; initial system conditions dependent on

36
Q

Morphogen action

A
  • act upstream
  • affect pattern of genes in a concentration-dependent manner
  • dynamic domains shift anteriorly over developmental time (unaccounted for by positional information; explains behaviour)
  • measurable
37
Q

GRNs

A
  • gene interactions to interpret spatial inputs provided by morphogens, to output concentrations of different genes spatiotemporwlly
  • explains why gene don’t overlap
  • e.g. bistable switch
38
Q

Changes between interactions have

A
  • shaped evolution
  • gap gene pattern changed across time in Diptera
  • evolve GRNs for pattern generation; diverse phenotypes
39
Q

Self-organising patterns

A
  • found @ all levels
  • not everything is directed by positional info/morphogens
40
Q

In self-organising systems

A

1) pattern emerges at the global level from local interactions amoung components @ a lower level in the system’s organisation
2) without intervention by external directing influences
- emergent property of system
- can work in combination

41
Q

Reaction-Diffusion model

A
  • two molecular sp.
  • diffusion is actively driving the formation of a pattern
  • autoactivation, activation and inhibition
  • inhibitor diffused faster than
42
Q

Reaction-Diffusion process

A
  • start with a homogeneous by fluctuating field of cells
  • little fluctuations are large enough to generate peaks in auto-activation
  • pattern propagation w cyclical dynamic
  • stripes/dots
  • you can get pattern from homogeneity
  • you don’t pattern to generate pattern
43
Q

Turing patterns

A
  • changing the interaction parameters: stronger/weaker
  • diffusion can be longer/shorter
  • generated different patterns (larger/smaller dots; more/less stripes)
  • tweaks pattern by tweaking global parameters
44
Q

Turing patterns in nature

A
  • skin cells in lizards
  • feathers in birds
45
Q

Combinatorial systems

A
  • tweaking parameters of underlying Turing system to change patterning from same origin
  • e.g. 2 fin patterning in dogfish
  • e.g.2. Digit patterning in mice
46
Q

Turing models

A
  • produce a “consistent wavelength” controlled by global parameters
  • wavelength of system depends on proximal-distal position across fin/limb bud
  • increase distal, finger coherence
47
Q

Fin

A
  • only a “Turing space” in the middle
  • no digits, just dots
  • racpitulated by Sox9
48
Q

Morphogenesis by cell migration and motility

A
  • e.g. neural crest migration in zebrafish
49
Q

Animal cells are motile

A
  • animal embryos rely on cell motility and migration for the generation of form
50
Q

Tissues are patterned

A

As they develop and grow

51
Q

Pattern formation is an emergent property of

A
  • GRNs (positional info and self-organisation)
  • Morphogenesis
  • coupled dynamics
52
Q

Diversity can emerge from

A

The evolutionary tinkering of pattern formation

B3.0 (23 decks)

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