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Anatomy + histology > Principles Histology > Flashcards

Principles Histology Flashcards

1
Q

Features of eukaryotes

A

nucleus, membrane bound organelles, cytoplasm + cytoskeleton, inclusions

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2
Q

features of plasmalemma

A

semi rigid, amphipathic phospholipid bilayer, anchored + laterally moving proteins, cholesterol between tails of lipids, semi permeable

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3
Q

Permeable to?

A

small uncharged molecules e.g. O2, H20

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4
Q

define exocytosis + endocytosis

A 
Exo = excretion of materials
Endo = intake of materials
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5
Q

Role of cytoskeleton

A

provide structure and support + allow movement

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6
Q

3 filaments involved in cytoskeleton

A

micro filaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules

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7
Q

features of microfilaments

A

actin filaments, globular, constantly breaking up + reassembling

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8
Q

features of Intermediate Filaments

A

more permanent, mechanical strength, specific to cell type

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9
Q

features of microtubules

A

hollow rods, made of alpha + beta tublin, radiate from centrosome, polar + act as motorway

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10
Q

movement along microtubules + carrier compounds involved

A 
Dynein = moving towards cell centre
kinesin = moving away from cell centre
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11
Q

Nucleus membrane

A

bi layered membrane (inner + outer) with perinucleur cistern between

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12
Q

Feature of perinuclear cistern

A

continuation of rough ER (proteins are trapped after being constructed)

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13
Q

transcription of m,r+t RNA

A

m + t RNA transcribed in nucleus, rRNA transcribed in nucleolus

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14
Q

2 forms DNA can be found in + definition

A 
heterochromatin = densely packed
Eurochromatin = loosely packed (undergoing transcription)
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15
Q

Structure of ribosome

A

1 large + 1 small sub unit

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16
Q

Rough Endoplasmic reticulum

A

Production of proteins, inner channel is continuation of perinuclear cisterna - captures translated proteins

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17
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum

A

production of lipids+ fats

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18
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

modification of proteins e.g. cleavage + addition of sugar

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19
Q

features of mitochondria

A

produce ATP, bi membrane, inner membrane invaginates (cristae)

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20
Q

3 types of cell junctions

A

1) occluding junctions
2) anchoring junctions
3) communicating junctions

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21
Q

occluding junctions

A

links 2 cells together, creates a diffusion barrier, reduces extracellular space, zonula occlusion

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22
Q

2 types of anchoring junctions

A

zonula adherns + desmosome

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23
Q

desmosome + zonula adherns

A

both - transmembrane proteins bind to adjacent cell in extracellular space. desmosome bound to centrosome in cell, zonula adherns bound to cytoskeleton

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24
Q

2 main stains used

A 
haematoxylin = bacic die binds to acids (blue) 
eosin = acidic die binds to bases (pink)
25
Q

4 main tissue types

A

1) epithelium
2) connective tissue
3) Muscle
4) Nervous tissue

26
Q

Uses of epithelium

A

Line surfaces + hollow organs + glands

27
Q

Features of epithelium

A

strong junctions between cells, form sheets - small intercellular space, basal lamina keeps them attached, non vascular - nutrients diffuse in via basal lamina, polarized - basal and apical ends

28
Q

3 types of epithelium

A

squamous - flat
cuboidal - cube
columnar - rectangular

29
Q

3 arrangements of epithelium

A

simple - 1 cell thick layer
stratified - multiple layers
pseudostratified - appears as many but all attached to basal lamina

30
Q

2 types of glands + specifications

A

endocrine - basal excretion, into blood stream

exocrine - apical excretion into duct

31
Q

3 types of connective tissue

A

1) soft CT
2) hard CT
3) blood and lymph

32
Q

features of CT

A

greater extracellular matrix, made up of cell type and extra cellular matrix

33
Q

Extracellular matrix components

A

1) Fibres - collaged, elastic + reticular fibres

2) ground surface - amorphous space filler, made of glycoproteins (GAG’s + protein cores)

34
Q

4 cell types in CT

A

fibroblast = extracellular matrix producer
Adipose cells = fat cells
Osteocytes = bone cells
Chondrocytes = cartilage cells

35
Q

2 types of soft ct + difference

A

loose + dense.
Loose = loosely packed elastic fibres
Dense packed

36
Q

2 forms of soft dense CT

A

regular - all aligned e.g. tendon

irregular - randomly aligned e.g. dermis

37
Q

2 types of hard ct

A

cartilage + bone

38
Q

3 types of cartilage + how they differ + features

A

1) Hyaline
2) elastic
3) fibrocartilage
- type depends on matrix + chondrocytes
- avascular, diffuses in through matrix

39
Q

Bone features

A

osteocytes + matrix

haversian canal - cannals for neurones + blood vessels

40
Q

2 layers of bone

A

cortical (outer)

cancellous (inner)

41
Q

3 types of muscle

A

smooth, skeletal + cardiac

42
Q

features of smooth muscle

A

non striated, visceral, elongated fibres (cigar shaped)

43
Q

Skeletal features

A

striated, multinucleated (in sarcolemma)

44
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

striated to lesser extent, tight junctions + communicating junctions, single nucleated

45
Q

2 types of nervous tissue

A

neurone + glia

46
Q

protective layers of CNS + PNS

A 
CNS = meninges
PNS = Epineurium
47
Q

types of neurones

A 
bipolar = 1 axon 1 dendrite,
multipolar = many dendrites 1 axon,
pseudounipolar = one long axon
48
Q

3 types of glia in CNS

A

astrocytes, oligodendrocytes + microglia

49
Q

role of each CNS glia

A 
astrocytes = blood brain barrier + ion transport + mechanical support
oligodendrocytes = myelin producing
microglia = immune surveillance
50
Q

glia in PNS + role

A

schwann cells - myelin producing

51
Q

4 components of digestive tract

A
  1. mucosa
  2. sub mucosa
  3. muscularis propria
  4. serosa
52
Q

3 layers of mucosa + function

A

epithelium - line the lumen/duct
lamina propria - loose connective tissue
muscularis mucosa - smooth muscle shape + size of lumen

53
Q

sub mucosa

A

layer of connective tissue

54
Q

muscularis propria

A

thick layer of muscle inner layer is circular, outer layer is linear

55
Q

serosa/ adventitia

A

outer layer of connective tissue, suspends tract/ attaches to organ

56
Q

basal lamina

A

tissue joining epithelium, very thin, non vascular - nutrients diffuse through to epithelium

57
Q

amphipathic

A

both polar + non polar regions

58
Q

structure phospholipids adopt

A

micells

Anatomy + histology (5 decks)

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