Principles and Theories of Learning Flashcards
What is negative reinforcement?
The removal of criticism when the correct S-R bond is shown
What are the three stages of learning?
Cognitive, Associative and Autonomous
What is the cognitive stage of learning?
A performer has a basic understanding over the skill and needs to think about the required movements to perform a skill
How do performers in the cognitive stage learn best?
Through trial and error learning and extrinsic feedback
What method of practice is best for a performer in the cognitive stage of learning?
Part practice and whole-part-whole practice
What is the associative stage of learning?
Performers’ technique begins to be automatic and they can recognise errors and have a kinaesthetic sense. They do not make major errors
How do associative performers learn best?
Through intrinsic and extrinsic feedback
What type of practice is best for associative performers?
Whole practice and distributed practice
What is the autonomous stage of learning?
Techniques are automatic and don’t require thought
How do autonomous performers learn best?
Mainly intrinsic feedback with little extrinsic feedback
What type of practice is best for the autonomous stage?
Massed practice
whole practice
progressive-part practice
What is operant conditioning?
Trial and error learning, aiming to get the correct S-R bond
What are S-R bonds?
Stimulus-Response bonds, the body’s natural reaction to stimuli
What is positive reinforcement?
The praise or reward for a performer showing the correct S-R bond
What is punishment?
When the incorrect S-R bond is shown, a performer may be:
- dropped from the team
- fined
- substituted; or
- praise may be removed
