Principles Anatomy Flashcards
Give four functions of bone:
- Support and protection of organs
- Calcium metabolism
- Attachment for skeletal muscles
Through which process do long bones, such as the femur, develop? Describe this process briefly.
Endochondral ossification.
An initial, small, hyaline cartilage version grows and turns into bone (ossifies)
What is the skeleton made of?
Bone and cartilage
What is the outer cortex of bone made of?
Dense, strong, heavy, compact (cortical) bone.
What is the inner medulla of bone made of?
Porous, weaker, lighter, spongy (trabecular/cancellous) bone. Also may contain bone marrow
What happens in bone marrow?
Site of red and white blood cell production.
What are the two different types of bone marrow? What is the difference? Where are they found?
Red: Found in hematopoietic bones
White: Found in non blood cell forming bones.
At birth all bone marrow is red.
In adults, the only red bone marrow is in the axial skeleton and the pectoral and pelvic girdles.
What is the outer layer of bone called? What arteries supply this area?
The periosteum.
Periosteal arteries
Why is fracturing a bone painful?
Tearing of the periosteum occurs. Pain is due to the innervation of the periosteum by sensory nerve fibres
Give three steps that occur after a fracture?
- Initial healing by calls of bone surrounding fracture line
- Callus remodelling
- Healed
What does foramen mean?
Hole. It is an example of a bony feature
What is the cranial cavity divided into?
3 fossae
Anterior cranial fossa
Middle cranial fossa
Posterior cranial fossa
What makes up the axial skeleton?
Skull, neck and trunk (chest, abdomen and back)
Think! X is the centre!
What makes up the appendicular skeleton?
Pectoral gridle, upper limbs, lower limbs and pelvic girdle
What is the viscerocranium?
The bones of the facial skeleton
What do you call the bones of the cranial vault?
Neurocranium
How many vertebrae are there?
7 Cervical 12 Thoracic 5 Lumbar 1 Sacrum 1 Coccyx
What/where is the odontoid process?
The C2 vertebra, which has stolen C1’s body.
What is the first palpable spinous process> What is it called?
C7 vertebra
Vertebra prominens
How many ribs are there? Describe there arrangement:
6 true ribs (Rib 1 - 6) (attached to sternum by their own costal cartilage)
4 false ribs (Rib 7 - 10) attached to the sternum by the costal cartilage of the rib above
2 Floating ribs (Rib 11 -12) not attached to the sternum at all.
What makes up the pectoral girdle?
2 scapula and 2 clavicles
What makes up the pelvic girdle?
The two hip bones
What are the three different types of joints?
Fibrous, cartalagionous, synovial
Where do you find fibrous joints and what do they do? Are they mobile?
Sutures (between skull bones)
Fibrous sheet (sydnesmosis e.g. between the radius and ulna)
The are highly stable but have limited mobility.
They allow moulding of the head in the birth canal.
Give an example of a primary cartilaginous joint:
An epiphyseal growth plate. This is made of hyaline cartilage and will ossify after bone growth is complete.
Give an example of a secondary cartilaginous joint:
A symphysis (the intervertabral discs)
How stable are cartilaginous joints?
Relatively stable, have limited mobility but can slip/ e.g. slipped disc!
What are the wide, fibrous joints in the newborn called?
Fontanelles
What are the components of a secondary cartilaginous joint?
Outer, fibrous anulus fibrosis
Inner, soft, nucleus pulposus
What vertebra do not have a cartilaginous joint between them?
C1-C2
sacrum/coxyx
Where do you find synovial joints?
Where two or more bones articulate with each other.
Five 7 features of synovial joints.
- 2 or more bones articulating
- Articular surfaces covered in hyaline cartilage
- Capsule wraps around the joint which has an inner synovial membrane to secret fluid and an outer strong fibrous layer
- The joint cavity, inside the capsule contains fluid to act as a cushion
- Ligaments connect bone to bone and imrobe joint stability
- Tendons connect muscle to bone and cause movement of the muscle
- Bursae prevent friction round the joint
What are ligaments?
Fibrous bands that connect bone to bone
List the five types of synovial joint and where they are found:
Pivot (neck) Ball and socket (shoulder) Plane (acromioclavicualr) Hinge (elbow) Biaxial (hands and feet)
What is housemaids knee/ pre patellar bursitis?
Inflammation and swelling of the subcutaneous pre patellar bursa.
What is subluxation?
Reduced area of contact between articular surfaces
What is dislocation?
Complete loss of contact between articular surfaces
Describe a temperomandibular joint.
An articulation between the mandibular fossa and the articular tubercle of the temporal bone superiorly and the head of the condylar process of the mandible inferiorly.
What is an unusual feature of the TMJ’s?
articular disc
What comprises the upper respiratory tract?
Right and left nasal cavities
The oral cavity
The pharynx
The larynx
What comprises the lower respiratory tract?
Trachea Right and left main bronchus Lobar bronchi Segmental bronchi Bronchioles Alveoli
What happens at the level of the C6 vertebra?
The larynx become the trachea
The pharynx becomes the oesophagus
What lines the inside of the bronchial tree?
Respiratory epithelium
What is meant by the mucociliary escalator?
Mucous glands secret mucous onto epithelia cells where is catches dirt/dust/foreign bodies. Then, cilia sweep this up into the pharynx where it can be swallowed.
What supports the walls of the trachea and all the bronchi?
Hyaline cartilage
What becomes more prominent as you move distally down the airway?
Smooth muscle in the walls of the airway. It is the most prominent feature of the bronchioles and therefore they can constrict or dilate.
What are the 5 main requirement for the respiratory system to work?
- Functioning lung tissue
- Enough oxygen in the air we breathe in
- No carbon dioxide in the air we breath in
- Minimal thickness of the walls of the alveoli
- Minimal tissue fluid in the tissue around the alveolar capillaries.
Give three functions of the larynx:
- Cartilage helps maintain patency of Upper respiratory tract
- Helps prevent entry of forge in bodies into lower respiratory tract
- Produces sound at the vocal chords
What does the skeleton of the larynx consist of?
- The epiglottis
- The thyroid cartilage
- The cricoid cartilage
- The 2 arytenoid cartilages
What is the narrowest past of the larynx called? What does it do?
Rima glottidis. This prevents a foreign body from being inhaled into the tract.
What are the three layer of skeletal muscle situated in the intercostal spaces?
External intercostal muscles
Internal intercostal muscles
Innermost intercostal muscles
How do the intercostal muscles aid breathing? Name another important muscle in breathing.
They make the chest wall expand during breathing by pulling adjacent ribs upwards and outwards.
The diaphragm
In the CNS, what do you call a group of nerve cell bodies?
A nucleus
Do myenilated or unmyenilated nerves conduct action potentials faster?
Myelinated
Give five functions of the nervous system:
Sensing Moving Making secretions Reflex Think!
What nerves wire from brain to head and vice versa?
Cranial nerves (connect with brain?
What nerves connect body/limbs to the brain and vice versa?
Spinal nerves (connect with spinal nerves)
What nerves wire the organs to the brain and vice versa?
Autonomic nerves
What three branches are within the autonomic nerves?
Visceral afferents
Sympathetic nerves
Parasympathetic nerves
What is the CNS?
Brain + Spinal chord
What is the PNS?
All nerves not located within spinal cord or brain
What do you call a bundle of axons travelling together in the CNS?
A tract
What do you call a bundle of axons travelling together in the PNS?
A peripheral nerve
What does the axon do?
An electrical cable conveying action potentials.
What is a synapse?
One neurone communicates with another neurone in a ganglion in the PNS or in a nucleus in the CNS. The electrical signal becomes a neurotransmitter then an electrical signal again.
Name all the cranial nerves
- Olfactory
- Optic
- Occulomotor
- Trochlear
- Trigeminal
- Abductent
- Facial
- Vestibulochlear
- Glossopharyngeal
- Vagus
- Accessory
- Hypogloassal
Describe the three phases in the course of cranial nerve journey from the CNS and its peripheral structures:
CNS part
Intracranial part
(Exit at foramen)
Extracranial part
What is contained within the outermost layer of grey matter of the cerebral cortex of the brain?
Cell bodies
Where is the white matter in relation to the grey matter?
Deep to the grey matter
What does white matter contain?
Myelinated axons
Where in the head does the spinal cord pass through to connect with the brain?
Foramen magnum of the occipital bone
How is the spinal cord protected?
Protected within the vertebral canal which is the combined vertebral foramina of all the vertebrae
What are the four parts of the spinal cord?
- Cervical
- Thoracic
- Lumbar
- Sacral/coccygeal
Wehere do the two enlargements of the spinal cord lie and why?
Cervical enlargement due to upper limb nerves
Lumbosacral enlargement due to all the lower limb nerves
How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?
31
Where does the spinal cord as a solid structure end?
L1/L2 intervertebral disc
Is the adult vertebral column or spinal cord longer?
Vertebral column
WHat is the cauda equina?
A bundle of lumbar and sacral spinal nerve roots which have to descend in the vertebral canal to their respective intervertebral formanae.
