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Anatomy > Principles Anatomy > Flashcards

Principles Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Give four functions of bone:

A
  1. Support and protection of organs
  2. Calcium metabolism
  3. Attachment for skeletal muscles
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2
Q

Through which process do long bones, such as the femur, develop? Describe this process briefly.

A

Endochondral ossification.

An initial, small, hyaline cartilage version grows and turns into bone (ossifies)

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3
Q

What is the skeleton made of?

A

Bone and cartilage

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4
Q

What is the outer cortex of bone made of?

A

Dense, strong, heavy, compact (cortical) bone.

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5
Q

What is the inner medulla of bone made of?

A

Porous, weaker, lighter, spongy (trabecular/cancellous) bone. Also may contain bone marrow

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6
Q

What happens in bone marrow?

A

Site of red and white blood cell production.

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7
Q

What are the two different types of bone marrow? What is the difference? Where are they found?

A

Red: Found in hematopoietic bones
White: Found in non blood cell forming bones.
At birth all bone marrow is red.
In adults, the only red bone marrow is in the axial skeleton and the pectoral and pelvic girdles.

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8
Q

What is the outer layer of bone called? What arteries supply this area?

A

The periosteum.

Periosteal arteries

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9
Q

Why is fracturing a bone painful?

A

Tearing of the periosteum occurs. Pain is due to the innervation of the periosteum by sensory nerve fibres

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10
Q

Give three steps that occur after a fracture?

A
  1. Initial healing by calls of bone surrounding fracture line
  2. Callus remodelling
  3. Healed
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11
Q

What does foramen mean?

A

Hole. It is an example of a bony feature

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12
Q

What is the cranial cavity divided into?

A

3 fossae
Anterior cranial fossa
Middle cranial fossa
Posterior cranial fossa

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13
Q

What makes up the axial skeleton?

A

Skull, neck and trunk (chest, abdomen and back)

Think! X is the centre!

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14
Q

What makes up the appendicular skeleton?

A

Pectoral gridle, upper limbs, lower limbs and pelvic girdle

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15
Q

What is the viscerocranium?

A

The bones of the facial skeleton

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16
Q

What do you call the bones of the cranial vault?

A

Neurocranium

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17
Q

How many vertebrae are there?

A 
7 Cervical
12 Thoracic
5 Lumbar
1 Sacrum
1 Coccyx
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18
Q

What/where is the odontoid process?

A

The C2 vertebra, which has stolen C1’s body.

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19
Q

What is the first palpable spinous process> What is it called?

A

C7 vertebra

Vertebra prominens

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20
Q

How many ribs are there? Describe there arrangement:

A

6 true ribs (Rib 1 - 6) (attached to sternum by their own costal cartilage)
4 false ribs (Rib 7 - 10) attached to the sternum by the costal cartilage of the rib above
2 Floating ribs (Rib 11 -12) not attached to the sternum at all.

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21
Q

What makes up the pectoral girdle?

A

2 scapula and 2 clavicles

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22
Q

What makes up the pelvic girdle?

A

The two hip bones

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23
Q

What are the three different types of joints?

A

Fibrous, cartalagionous, synovial

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24
Q

Where do you find fibrous joints and what do they do? Are they mobile?

A

Sutures (between skull bones)
Fibrous sheet (sydnesmosis e.g. between the radius and ulna)
The are highly stable but have limited mobility.
They allow moulding of the head in the birth canal.

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25
Q

Give an example of a primary cartilaginous joint:

A

An epiphyseal growth plate. This is made of hyaline cartilage and will ossify after bone growth is complete.

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26
Q

Give an example of a secondary cartilaginous joint:

A

A symphysis (the intervertabral discs)

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27
Q

How stable are cartilaginous joints?

A

Relatively stable, have limited mobility but can slip/ e.g. slipped disc!

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28
Q

What are the wide, fibrous joints in the newborn called?

A

Fontanelles

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29
Q

What are the components of a secondary cartilaginous joint?

A

Outer, fibrous anulus fibrosis

Inner, soft, nucleus pulposus

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30
Q

What vertebra do not have a cartilaginous joint between them?

A

C1-C2

sacrum/coxyx

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31
Q

Where do you find synovial joints?

A

Where two or more bones articulate with each other.

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32
Q

Five 7 features of synovial joints.

A
  1. 2 or more bones articulating
  2. Articular surfaces covered in hyaline cartilage
  3. Capsule wraps around the joint which has an inner synovial membrane to secret fluid and an outer strong fibrous layer
  4. The joint cavity, inside the capsule contains fluid to act as a cushion
  5. Ligaments connect bone to bone and imrobe joint stability
  6. Tendons connect muscle to bone and cause movement of the muscle
  7. Bursae prevent friction round the joint
33
Q

What are ligaments?

A

Fibrous bands that connect bone to bone

34
Q

List the five types of synovial joint and where they are found:

A 
Pivot (neck)
Ball and socket (shoulder)
Plane (acromioclavicualr)
Hinge (elbow)
Biaxial (hands and feet)
35
Q

What is housemaids knee/ pre patellar bursitis?

A

Inflammation and swelling of the subcutaneous pre patellar bursa.

36
Q

What is subluxation?

A

Reduced area of contact between articular surfaces

37
Q

What is dislocation?

A

Complete loss of contact between articular surfaces

38
Q

Describe a temperomandibular joint.

A

An articulation between the mandibular fossa and the articular tubercle of the temporal bone superiorly and the head of the condylar process of the mandible inferiorly.

39
Q

What is an unusual feature of the TMJ’s?

A

articular disc

40
Q

What comprises the upper respiratory tract?

A

Right and left nasal cavities
The oral cavity
The pharynx
The larynx

41
Q

What comprises the lower respiratory tract?

A 
Trachea
Right and left main bronchus
Lobar bronchi
Segmental bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli
42
Q

What happens at the level of the C6 vertebra?

A

The larynx become the trachea

The pharynx becomes the oesophagus

43
Q

What lines the inside of the bronchial tree?

A

Respiratory epithelium

44
Q

What is meant by the mucociliary escalator?

A

Mucous glands secret mucous onto epithelia cells where is catches dirt/dust/foreign bodies. Then, cilia sweep this up into the pharynx where it can be swallowed.

45
Q

What supports the walls of the trachea and all the bronchi?

A

Hyaline cartilage

46
Q

What becomes more prominent as you move distally down the airway?

A

Smooth muscle in the walls of the airway. It is the most prominent feature of the bronchioles and therefore they can constrict or dilate.

47
Q

What are the 5 main requirement for the respiratory system to work?

A
  1. Functioning lung tissue
  2. Enough oxygen in the air we breathe in
  3. No carbon dioxide in the air we breath in
  4. Minimal thickness of the walls of the alveoli
  5. Minimal tissue fluid in the tissue around the alveolar capillaries.
48
Q

Give three functions of the larynx:

A
  1. Cartilage helps maintain patency of Upper respiratory tract
  2. Helps prevent entry of forge in bodies into lower respiratory tract
  3. Produces sound at the vocal chords
49
Q

What does the skeleton of the larynx consist of?

A
  • The epiglottis
  • The thyroid cartilage
  • The cricoid cartilage
  • The 2 arytenoid cartilages
50
Q

What is the narrowest past of the larynx called? What does it do?

A

Rima glottidis. This prevents a foreign body from being inhaled into the tract.

51
Q

What are the three layer of skeletal muscle situated in the intercostal spaces?

A

External intercostal muscles
Internal intercostal muscles
Innermost intercostal muscles

52
Q

How do the intercostal muscles aid breathing? Name another important muscle in breathing.

A

They make the chest wall expand during breathing by pulling adjacent ribs upwards and outwards.
The diaphragm

53
Q

In the CNS, what do you call a group of nerve cell bodies?

A

A nucleus

54
Q

Do myenilated or unmyenilated nerves conduct action potentials faster?

A

Myelinated

55
Q

Give five functions of the nervous system:

A 
Sensing
Moving
Making secretions
Reflex
Think!
56
Q

What nerves wire from brain to head and vice versa?

A

Cranial nerves (connect with brain?

57
Q

What nerves connect body/limbs to the brain and vice versa?

A

Spinal nerves (connect with spinal nerves)

58
Q

What nerves wire the organs to the brain and vice versa?

A

Autonomic nerves

59
Q

What three branches are within the autonomic nerves?

A

Visceral afferents
Sympathetic nerves
Parasympathetic nerves

60
Q

What is the CNS?

A

Brain + Spinal chord

61
Q

What is the PNS?

A

All nerves not located within spinal cord or brain

62
Q

What do you call a bundle of axons travelling together in the CNS?

A

A tract

63
Q

What do you call a bundle of axons travelling together in the PNS?

A

A peripheral nerve

64
Q

What does the axon do?

A

An electrical cable conveying action potentials.

65
Q

What is a synapse?

A

One neurone communicates with another neurone in a ganglion in the PNS or in a nucleus in the CNS. The electrical signal becomes a neurotransmitter then an electrical signal again.

66
Q

Name all the cranial nerves

A
  1. Olfactory
  2. Optic
  3. Occulomotor
  4. Trochlear
  5. Trigeminal
  6. Abductent
  7. Facial
  8. Vestibulochlear
  9. Glossopharyngeal
  10. Vagus
  11. Accessory
  12. Hypogloassal
67
Q

Describe the three phases in the course of cranial nerve journey from the CNS and its peripheral structures:

A

CNS part
Intracranial part
(Exit at foramen)
Extracranial part

68
Q

What is contained within the outermost layer of grey matter of the cerebral cortex of the brain?

A

Cell bodies

69
Q

Where is the white matter in relation to the grey matter?

A

Deep to the grey matter

70
Q

What does white matter contain?

A

Myelinated axons

71
Q

Where in the head does the spinal cord pass through to connect with the brain?

A

Foramen magnum of the occipital bone

72
Q

How is the spinal cord protected?

A

Protected within the vertebral canal which is the combined vertebral foramina of all the vertebrae

73
Q

What are the four parts of the spinal cord?

A
  1. Cervical
  2. Thoracic
  3. Lumbar
  4. Sacral/coccygeal
74
Q

Wehere do the two enlargements of the spinal cord lie and why?

A

Cervical enlargement due to upper limb nerves

Lumbosacral enlargement due to all the lower limb nerves

75
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

A

31

76
Q

Where does the spinal cord as a solid structure end?

A

L1/L2 intervertebral disc

77
Q

Is the adult vertebral column or spinal cord longer?

A

Vertebral column

78
Q

WHat is the cauda equina?

A

A bundle of lumbar and sacral spinal nerve roots which have to descend in the vertebral canal to their respective intervertebral formanae.

Anatomy (6 decks)

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