Clinically relevant anatomy of the heart Flashcards
Name the structures in the hilum of the lung
Pulmonary artery
Main bronchus
Pulmonary veins
Pulmonary lymphatic vessels and bronchopulmonary lymph nodes
Pulmonary visceral afferents and autonomic motor nerves
Which nerves descend across the lateral borders of the pericardium?
The phrenic nerves
What is the fibrous pericardium lined by internally?
Parietal serious pericardium
What is the outer layer of the heart called?
Epicardium
What does the epicardium secrete?
Pericardial fluid lubricant
Where is the pericardial cavity?
Between the two layers of serous pericardium
What procedure is used to drain fluid out of the pericardial cavity?
Pericardiocentesis
The needle inserted via infrasternal angle and directed
superoposteriorly, aspirating continuously
What is the transverse pericardial sinus?
a “space” within the pericardial cavity, posterosuperiorly
lies posterior to the ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk
(the most proximal segments of these vessels are enclosed in the pericardium, which blends with their adventitia a little further distally)
What are the surfaces of the heart?
The anterior (sternocostal) surface The base (posterior surface) The inferior (diaphragmatic) surface
What are the borders of the heart?
Right border
Left lateral border
Where is the apex beat palpated?
5th intercostal space
Mid-clavicular line
Why might the apex beat be shifted to the left?
Cardiomegaly
What does the anterior interventricular groove indicate?
The boundary between the two ventricles
Where does the right coronary artery lie?
In the coronary groove
What does the coronary groove indicate?
The surface marking for the tricuspid valve
The boundary between the right atrium and the right ventricle
What is the coronary sinus?
the coronary sinus is a short venous conduit (in the
atrioventricular groove posteriorly) which receives deoxygenated blood from most of the cardiac veins and drains into the right atrium
What surface marking on the heart indicates the boundary between the two atria?
The interatrial groove
What do the coronary arteries and their branches supply?
The epicardium and myocardium
Where do the main coronary arteries arise from?
What are they?
The ascending aorta
They are the right coronary artery and the left main stem coronary artery
Name a branch of the right coronary artery that runs on the anterior surface of the heart, just next to the inferior border
The right marginal artery
Where does the posterior interventricular artery usually arise from?
The right coronary artery
Where is the left main stem coronary artery located?
in left atrioventricular groove between pulmonary trunk & left auricle
Which branch of the left main stem coronary artery travels to the posterior surface (base) of the heart?
The circumflex artery
What are the two main branches of the left main stem coronary artery called?
The left anterior descending artery (anterior interventricular artery)
The left marginal artery
What is a branch of the LAD called?
Lateral branch
What divides the heart into a right and a left side?
A septum (interatrial septum and interventricular septum)
What is a hole in the interatrial septum called?
An atrial septal defect
What is a hole in the interventricular septum called?
A ventricular septal defect
What is the name of the indent in the interior wall of the right atrium?
The oval fossa
What is the crista terminalis?
The line of union between the right atrium and the right auricle which is present on the interior of the atrium in the form of a vertical crest
How many cusps does the pulmonary valve have?
What are they?
3 cusps
Anterior, right and left
How many cusps does the aortic valve have?
What are they?
3
Right left and posterior
Where in the aortic valve do the coronary arteries arise from?
The right and left sinuses
How many cusps does the tricuspid valve have?
What are they?
3
Anterior
Posterior
Septal
How many cusps does the mitral valve have?
What are they?
2
Anterior and posterior
Which muscles are attached to the chamber walls and are connected to the valves?
Papillary muscles
What connects the papillary muscles to the valves?
Tendinous cords
What is the moderator band?
What does it do?
Also called the septomarginal trabecula
carries fibres of right bundle branch to the papillary muscle of the anterior cusp
Where are the four heart valves auscultated?
Aortic: 2nd right intercostal space, sternal edge
Pulmonary: 2nd left intercostal space, sternal edge
Tricuspid: 5/6th intercostal space, left sternal edge
Mitral: 5th left intercostal space, midclavicular line
What are the most common valvular abnormalities encountered clinically?
Aortic stenosis Mitral incompetence (regurgitation)
