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Anatomy > Endocrinology > Flashcards

Endocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

What is positive feedback?

A

The response to change is to enhance change

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2
Q

In what three ways can a hormone negative feedback loop go wrong?

A
  1. Too much hormone secreted
  2. Too little hormone secreted
  3. Change in sensitivity of the target cells
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3
Q

List all the main endocrine glands

A 
Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
Parathyroid and thyroid glands
adrenal glands
Pancreas
Ovaries and testes
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4
Q

Where is the hypothalamus?

A

Below the thalamus, just above the brainstem. It forms the ventral part of the diencephalon. bThis is the central core of the cerebrum and has connections to both right and left hemispheres.

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5
Q

Where is the pituitary gland?

A

It is a midline structure in the pituitary fossa of the sphenoid bone.

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6
Q

What connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland

A

Infundibulum

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7
Q

What it the pituitary gland anatomically and functionally divided into?

A

The anterior and posterior pituitary gland

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8
Q

What hormones are released by the posterior pituitary gland?

A

Oxytocin

ADH

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9
Q

How do hormones get from the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary?

A
  1. Axons of hypothalamic neurones pass down the infundibulum into the posterior pituitary. These hypothalamic neurones manufacture 2 hormones (ADH and oxytocin)
  2. These hormones are then transported to the posterior pituitary within the axoplasm by axoplasmic transport.
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10
Q

What is an axoplasm?

A

The cytoplasm of axons

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11
Q

What hormones does the anterior pituitary gland release?

A 
GH
Prolactin
TSH (thryroid stimulating hormone)
ACTH (adrenocorticotrophic  hormone)
LH
FSH
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12
Q

How do the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland work?

A

Hypothalamic neurones secrete either releasing hormones or inhibitory hormones to stimulate or prevent the release of its hormones into the bloodstream.

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13
Q

What do the hypothalamic neurones secreted their hormones into?

A

A portal system of veins “The hypophyseal portal system” This drains venous blood from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary capillary beds.

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14
Q

How does the anterior pituitary get its hormones into the blood stream?

A

A second set pof veins drains the venous blood to the hypophyseal veins and then eventually to the SVC. (and then around the body)

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15
Q

What is the definition of a portal system?

A

A capillary bed that lies between 2 sets of veins.

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16
Q

What does the thyroid gland need to manufacture its hormones?

A

Iodine

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17
Q

What are the two thyroid hormones?

A

Triiodothyronine (T3)

Thyroxine (T4)

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18
Q

What do thyroid hormones do?

A

Regulate the metabolism and stimulate growth. T3 is essential for life

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19
Q

What is an enlarged thyroid gland called? What can cause this?

A

Goitre

Dietary lack of iodine

20
Q

What is the thyroid gland attached to?

A

The larynx

21
Q

Where are the parathyroid glands?

A

On the posterior surface of the thyroid gland’s lobes

22
Q

What do parathyroid glands do?

A

They manufacture and secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH) which controls the amount of calcium in the blood and bones?

23
Q

How are the parathyroid glands controlled?

A

Not by the pituitary but they monitor the blood calcium levels directly and respond to this.

24
Q

What is the blood supply to the thyroid gland?

A

The superior thyroid artery which is a branch off the external common carotid, and the inferior thyroid artery which is a branch of the subclavian artery

25
Q

Where is the pancreas?

A

Int he retroperitoneal between the duodenum and the spleen

26
Q

Where does the pancreas receive blood from?

A

Coeliac trunk and SMA (due to the fact it is foregut and midgut)

27
Q

Where does the pancreas drain int venous blood?

A

Splenic vein, SMV and then into hepatic portal vein

28
Q

Is the pancreas under pituitary control?

A

No

29
Q

What are the endocrine cells of the pancreas?

A

Islets of langerhans

30
Q

When is insulin secreted into the blood?

A

In response to islet cells detecting increased blood glucose.

31
Q

What are the 2 parts of the adrenal glands?

A

The adrenal cortex and the adrenal medulla

32
Q

What does the adrenal cortex secrete?

A

Glucocorticoids
Mineralocorticoids
Androgens

33
Q

What controls the release of glucocorticoids?

A

Pituitary ACTH

34
Q

What is secreted from the adrenal medulla?

A

Adrenaline and noradrenaline in response to sympathetic signals

35
Q

What do glucocorticoids do?

A

Control metabolism

36
Q

What do mineralocorticoids do?

A

Control blood pressure

37
Q

What are the three unpaired branches of the abdominal aorta?

A

Coeliac trunk
SMA
IMA

38
Q

What are the three paired branched of the abdominal aorta?

A

Adrenal arteries
Renal arteries
Gonadal arteries

39
Q

What three arteries supply each adrenal gland?

A
  1. Superior suprarenal artery
  2. Middle suprarenal artery
    (both branches of AA)
  3. Inferior suprarenal artery
    (branch of renal artery)
40
Q

Where does the right suprarenal vein drain into?

A

IVC

41
Q

Where does the left suprarenal vein drain into?

A

Left renal vein, which then drains into IVC

42
Q

What does the scrotum secrete?

A

Testosterone and LH from the anterior pituitary

43
Q

What does the broad ligament of the female pelvis secrete?

A

Oestrogen and progestrerone in response to FSH and LH front he anterior pituitary

44
Q

Where does the right gonadal vein drain??

A

IVC

45
Q

Where does the left gonadal vein drain?

A

Left renal vein

46
Q

What do testosterone and oestrogen do?

A
  1. Control the development of secondary sexual characteristics
  2. Promote closure of the epiphyseal growth plates
  3. Stimulate sperm/ovum development
47
Q

What does progesterone do?

A

Prepares the uterus for pregnancy

Anatomy (6 decks)

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