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principles year 1 > principles 2 wrong answers > Flashcards

principles 2 wrong answers Flashcards

1
Q

what is the site of spermatozoa production

A

seminiferous tubules

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2
Q

what drains semen into the urethra

A

ejaculatury duct

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3
Q

what are the rete testis

A

anastomosing network of delicate tubules located in the hilum of the testicle (mediastinum testis) that carries sperm from the seminiferous tubules to the efferent ducts

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4
Q

what drains its venous blood directly into the systemic venous system

A

anal canal

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5
Q

the fracture of this bone could cause trauma to the kidney

A

rib 11

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6
Q

what bone is part of the appendicular skeleton commonly used for obtaining bone marrow aspirates in the adult

A

ilium

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7
Q

a fingertip inserted through the gasto-omental (gastricepiploic) foramen will be within this space

A

lesser sac

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8
Q

the pelvic splanchnic nerves are found in this structure

A

mesentery of the sigmoid colon

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9
Q

what is the gastroepiploic artery

A

one of the two terminal branches of the gasproduodenal artery. It arises between the superior part of the duodenum and the pancreas. It courses downwards towards the midline, running inferiorly to the pylorus of the stomach

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10
Q

contains circulatory muscle arranged in the form of an anatomical sphincter under somatic control

A

anus

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11
Q

contains circulatory and longitudinally arranged muscle which are stimulated to contract by the pelvic splanchnic nerves

A

sigmoid colon

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12
Q

what are the pelvic splanchnic nerves and what do they supply

A

The pelvic splanchnic nerves contribute to the innervation of the pelvic and genital organs. The nerves regulate the emptying of the urinary bladder, control opening and closing of the internal urethral sphincter, influence motility in the rectum as well as sexual functions like erection

The pelvic splanchnic nerves provide parasympathetic innervation to the descending and sigmoid colon, the rectum, and pelvic viscera via the inferior hypogastric plexus. Parasympathetic innervation to the colon and rectum increases peristalsis, and inhibits the internal anal sphincter to allow for defecation.

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13
Q

its is a retroperitoneal structure under the control of prostaglandin fibres from the celiac plexus

A

third part of the duodenum

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14
Q

what is the function of the olfactory nerve

A

sense of smell

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15
Q

what is the function of the optic nerve

A

transmits into to the brain regarding a persons vision

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16
Q

what is the function of the oculomotor nerve

A

helps control eye movements and upper eyelid

  • constriction and relaxation of pupil
  • adjust the lens
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17
Q

what is the function of the trochlear nerve

A

involved in eye movement

allows eye to point downward an inward

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18
Q

what is the function of the trigeminal nerve

A
  • helps person chew and clench teeth and gives sensation to muscles in the tympanic membrane in the ear
  • The ophthalmic part gives sensation to parts of the eyes, including the cornea, mucosa in the nose, and skin on the nose, the eyelid, and the forehead.
  • The maxillary part gives sensation to the middle third of the face, side of the nose, upper teeth, and lower eyelid.
  • The mandibular part gives sensation to the lower third of the face, the tongue, mucosa in the mouth, and lower teeth.
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19
Q

what is the function of the abducens nerve

A

helps control eye movements - helps the lateral rectus muscle to turn the gaze outwards

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20
Q

what is the function of the facial nerve

A 
- movement of muscles that - - produce facial expression
movement of the lacrimal
- submaxillary, and submandibular glands
- the sensation of the external ear
- the sensation of taste
21
Q

what is the function of the vestibulocochlear nerve

A

involved with persons hearing and balance

  • The vestibular nerve helps the body sense changes in the position of the head with regard to gravity. The body uses this information to maintain balance.
  • The cochlear nerve helps with hearing. Specialized inner hair cells and the basilar membrane vibrate in response to sounds and determine the frequency and magnitude of the sound.
22
Q

what is the function of the glossopharyngeal nerve

A
  • The sensory function receives information from the throat, tonsils, middle ear, and back of the tongue. It is also involved with the sensation of taste for the back of the tongue.
  • The motor division provides movement to the stylopharyngeus, which is a muscle that allows the throat to shorten and widen.
23
Q

what is the function of the vagus nerve

A
  • The sensory part provides sensation to the outer part of the ear, the throat, the heart, abdominal organs. It also plays a role in taste sensation.
  • The motor part provides movement to the throat and soft palate.
  • The parasympathetic function regulates heart rhythm and innervates the smooth muscles in the airway, lungs, and gastrointestinal tract.
24
Q

what is the function of the accessory nerve

A

It controls the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles that allow a person to rotate, extend, and flex the neck and shoulders.

25
Q

what is the function of the hypoglossal nerve

A
  • supplies the tongue nerve

- can cause paralysis of the tongue

26
Q

where does the branch of the descending thoracic aorta go

A

becomes the abdominal aorta

27
Q

where does the first branch of the aortic aorta go

A
  • brachiocephalic trunk)
  • ascends laterally to split into the right common carotid and right subclavian arteries. These arteries supply the right side of the head and neck, and the right upper limb.
28
Q

where does the internal thoracic artery go

A

runs under the fascia and deep to the intercostal muscles. In the proximal part, the internal thoracic artery also gives off other vessels which supply the breast, thymus, mediastinum, and sternum.

29
Q

what’s the second branch of the aorta and where does it go to

A
  • 2nd branch = left common carotid

- supplies the left side of the head and neck

30
Q

what’s the 3rd branch of the aorta and where does it go to

A
  • subclavian arteries

- supplies the left upper limb

31
Q

what does the right carotid artery supply

A

carries blood to the right side of the brain

32
Q

what doe stem right subclavian arteries supply

A

delivers blood to the arm and brain

33
Q

abnormal function of the vagus nerve is responsible for this motor deficit

A

muscle that is active in phonation

34
Q

abnormal function of the oculomotor nerve is responsible for this motor deficit

A

muscle that constricts the pupil

35
Q

abnormal function of the trigeminal nerve is responsible for

A

muscle that connects the zygomatic bone to the akin of the upper lip

36
Q

If an infected embolus from the valve suddenly occluded this vessel the patient would suffer ONLY a “stroke” involving the visual cortex

A

second branch of the arch of aorta

37
Q

If an infected embolus from the valve suddenly occluded this vessel the patient might complain of sharp, stabbing pain well-localised to the postero-lateral part of an intercostal space

A

branch of the descending thoracic aorta

38
Q

If an infected embolus from the valve suddenly occluded this vessel the patient might be expected to suffer loss of function in one upper limb ONLY

A

third branch of the arch of aorta

39
Q

During the absorptive state what is the main source of energy

A

glucose

40
Q

Which complex does not pump protons as electrons pass through the respiratory chain?

A

complex 2

- FADH2 –> FAD

41
Q

How many NAD+ molecules are reduced in the degradation of palmitoyl-CoA to form eight molecules of acetyle-CoA?

A

7

42
Q

The enzyme glucose-6-phosphatase is only found in cells which have this function or ability:

A

ability to store glycogen

43
Q

Which of the following mechanisms is used for ATP synthesis in the glycolytic pathway?

A

substrate phosphorylation

  • Substrate-level phosphorylation is a metabolism reaction that results in the production of ATP or GTP by the transfer of a phosphate group from a substrate directly to ADP or GDP.
44
Q

what is a feature of a malignant cell

A
  • increased nuclear:cytoplasmic ratio
  • diploidy
  • marked pleomorphism
  • abnormal mitotic figures
45
Q

what are features of oncogenes

A
  • They were first identified as genes encoding proteins responsible for the carcinogenic properties of DNA tumour viruses
  • They can be activated by point mutation
  • They stimulate cell proliferation
  • They act in a dominant manner
46
Q

describes the action of a competitive antagonist on the concentration response curve for an agonist acting on the same receptor when displayed on a plot of biological response (linear scale) versus agonist concentration (log scale).

A

The position of the agonist concentration response curve is shifted to the right in a parallel manner with no change in the maximum response

47
Q

what is the normal range of mean arterial blood pressure

A

70-105mmHg

48
Q

what does glycogen phosphorylase catalyse

A

glycogen breakdown

49
Q

virus which can reactivate from a latent state to cause disease?

A

herpes simplex virus

principles year 1 (9 decks)

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