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Chemistry Revision > Principle Of Chemistry (States Of Matter, Atoms, Separating, Bonding) > Flashcards

Principle Of Chemistry (States Of Matter, Atoms, Separating, Bonding) Flashcards

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1
Q

The state of matter of an object depends on what

A

The forces of attraction between the particles

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2
Q

What are molcules

A

Groups of atom

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3
Q

What is an element

A

One type of atom

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4
Q

What is a compound

A

Atoms chemically bonded together

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5
Q

What is a mixture

A

Atoms mixed together - can be easily separated

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6
Q

Relative mass of a proton

A

1

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7
Q

Relative mass of a neutron

A

1

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8
Q

Relative mass of an electron

A

1/2000

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9
Q

Relative charge of a proton

A

+1

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10
Q

Relative charge of a neutron

A

0

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11
Q

Relative charge of an electron

A

-1

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12
Q

What is the atomic number

A

Number of protons (bottom number)

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13
Q

What is the mass number

A

Number of protons + neutrons

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14
Q

What is an isotope

A

Atoms with the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons

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15
Q

What is relative atomic mass

A

A measure of the mass of one atom of an element

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16
Q

What is the periodic table arranged in order of

A

In order of atomic number

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17
Q

How do you find the number of outer electrons

A

Look at the group

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18
Q

What is oxidation

A

The loss of electrons

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19
Q

What is reduction

A

The gain of electrons

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20
Q

When an element gains ions it becomes __ve. When an element loses electrons they become __ve. When these meet, they attract to form what?

A

+ve
-ve
Ionic compounds

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21
Q

Ionic compounds have _____ melting and boiling points

A

High

22
Q

Why do ionic compounds have high melting and boiling points

A

Because of strong electrostatic forces between oppositely charged ions

23
Q

A lattice of 2+ and 2- ions will have _________ forces of attraction than a lattice of 1+ and 1- ions

A

Stronger

24
Q

Lattices made up of higher charge ions will have __________ melting and boiling points

A

Higher

25
Q

What is an ionic crystal

A

A giant 3d lattice held together by the attraction between oppositely charged ions

26
Q

What is covalent bonding

A

Sharing electrons

27
Q

What is the attraction between atoms in covalent bonding

A

There’s a strong attraction between the shared electrons and the nuclei of the atoms involved

28
Q

What is a simple molecular substance

A

A liquid or gas / or a solid with a very low melting point

29
Q

Describe the structure of a simple molecular substance

A

The atoms within the molecule are held together by very strong coalent bonds. But the forces of attraction between the molecules themselves are very weak (weak intermolecular forces)

30
Q

Giant covalent bondings have ______ melting and boiling points

A

High

31
Q

Describe the structure of giant covalent structures

A

Atoms bonded together by strong covalent bonds. There are many of these bonds… therefore it takes a lot of energy to break the, hence, high melting and boiling points

32
Q

Giant covalent structures are __________ in water, and they ______ conduct electricity. Examples are ___________ and __________

A

Insoluble in water
Don’t conduct electrcicty
Diamond and graphite

33
Q

Describe a metal

A

A giant structure of positive ions surrounded by a sea of delocalised electrons

34
Q

When do ionic compounds conduct electricity

A

When molten or in solution (since the ions are free to move (and carry current))

35
Q

Why can’t covalent compounds conduct electricity

A

Because they don’t have any ions

36
Q

Why are metals good conductors of electricity and heat

A

Because they have free electrons

37
Q

How are metals malleable

A

Because the layers of atoms can slide over each other

38
Q

What is diamond used for

A

Cutting

39
Q

What is graphite used for

A

Lubricants

40
Q

Describe the structure of diamond

A

Each carbon atom forms 4 covalent bonds in a very rigid giant covalent structure

41
Q

Describe the structure of graphite

A

Each carbon atom only forms 3 covalent bonds, creating layers which are free to slide over each other

42
Q

What is filtration used to separate

A

An insoluble solid from a liquid

43
Q

What is crystallisation used to separate

A

A soluble solid from a solution

44
Q

What is filtration followed by crystallisation is used to separate

A

Rock salt

45
Q

What is distillation used to separate

A

A liquid from a solution

46
Q

Describe filtration

A

The solid gets stuck on the filter paper, thus, it’s separated from the liquid

47
Q

Describe crystallisation

A
  1. Pour solution in evaporating dish
  2. Heat. The solvent will evaporate and crystals will form
  3. Leave crystals in a warm place for the rest of the solvent to evaporate
  4. Dry (in a drying oven)
48
Q

What is rock salt

A

A mixture of salt and sand

49
Q

Name the 4 steps in separating rock salt

A
  1. Grinding
  2. Dissolving
  3. Filtering
  4. Crystallisation
50
Q

Describe simple distillation

A

The solution is heated. The part that has the lowest boiling point evaporates. The vapour is then cooled, condenses and is collected. The rest of the solution is left in the flask.

Chemistry Revision (9 decks)

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