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Chemistry Revision > Chemistry In Industry (Cracking, Crude Oil, Polymers, Haber Process) > Flashcards

Chemistry In Industry (Cracking, Crude Oil, Polymers, Haber Process) Flashcards

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1
Q

What is cracking

A

Splitting up long chain hydrocarbons

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2
Q

Longer hydrocarbons have _________ boiling points and are _______ viscous. They are also thicker and __________ in colour

A

Higher
More
Darker

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3
Q

Why do we crack

A

Because demand for short chain hydrocarbons is much higher

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4
Q

Cracking:
Temperature:
Catalysts needed:

A

Temperature: 600-700C

Catalyst needed: Silica and alumina

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5
Q

What is crude oil

A

A mixture of hydrocarbons

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6
Q

From top to bottom: What are the fractions formed from crude oil

A 
Refinery gases
Gasoline
Naphtha
Kerosene
Diesel
Fuel oil
Bitumen
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7
Q

How does fractional distillation of crude oil work

A

Oil is heated
Gases evaporate
When the temperature becomes lower than their boiling point, the gases condense

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8
Q

What is the purpose of bubble caps

A

To prevent liquids from running back down

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9
Q

As you go up, the fractions get:
_______ viscous
________ flammable
_________ boiling points

A

Less viscous
More flammable
Lower boiling points

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10
Q

Use of:

Refinery gases

A

Heating

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11
Q

Use of:

Gasoline

A

Fuel for cars

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12
Q

Use of:

Naphtha

A

Plastics

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13
Q

Use of:

Kerosene

A

Jet engines

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14
Q

Use of:

Diesel

A

Fuel for diesel engined cars, trucks etc.

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15
Q

Use of:

Fuel oil

A

Domestic central heating

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16
Q

Use of:

Bitumen

A

Road surfacing

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17
Q

What may incomplete combustion of fuel produce

A

Carbon monoxide

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18
Q

In car engines, the temperature is high enough for what to happen

A

Nitrogen and oxygen to react forming nitrogen oxides

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19
Q

Nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxides are pollutant gases which contribute to what?

A

Acid rain

20
Q

What is an addition polymer formed by

A

Many small molecules called monomers

21
Q

What are the 2 types of polymer

A

Addition polymers

Condensation polymers

22
Q

Under _______ pressure and a catalyst, alkenes will open up their double bonds and join together to form __________. What is this is known as

A

High
Polymers
Addition polymerisation

23
Q

What is condensation polymerisation

A

When different types of polymer react together and bonds form between them, making polymer chains

24
Q

For each new bond that forms in condensation polymerisation, a small molecule (e.g _______) is lost

A

Water

25
Q

Name an example of a condensation polymer

A

Nylon

26
Q

Name a use for poly(ethene)

A

Plastic bags

27
Q

Name a use for poly(propene)

A

Carpets

28
Q

Name a use for poly(chloroethene)

A

Clothes, pipes

29
Q

What is a problem with polymers due their inertness

A

Since they are inert, they don’t react. They are hard to get rid of

30
Q

It takes a very _______ time for polymers to biodegrade

A

Long

31
Q

What does biodegrade mean

A

Be decomposed by bacteria

32
Q

The haber process produces __________ which is used to make __________

A

Ammonia

Fertilisers

33
Q

Which two elements are used to make ammonia

A

Nitrogen and Hydrogen

34
Q

Where is nitrogen obtained from

A

The air

35
Q

Where is hydrogen obtained from

A

Natural gas, or cracking

36
Q

Conditions for haber process:
Temperature:
Pressure:
Catalyst:

A

Conditions for haber process:
Temperature: 450C
Pressure: 200atmospheres
Catalyst: Iron

37
Q

Higher pressures favour the forward reaction, so the pressure is made as _______ as possible without making the plant too expensive to build

A

High

38
Q

In the haber process, the forward reaction is ______thermic

A

Exothermic

39
Q

What does increasing the temperature do to the equilibrium

A

Moves it the wrong way - Away from the ammonia and towards the N2 and H2

40
Q

Why do we increase the temperature a bit even though increasing the temperature would move the equilibrium the wrong way,

A

Because increasing the temperature also increases the rate of reaction. 450C is a comprimise

41
Q

The ammonia is formed as a _______

A

Gas

42
Q

What happens when the ammonia cools in the condenser

A

It liquefies and is removed

43
Q

What happens to the unused hydrogen and nitrogen

A

It is recycled so nothing is wasted

44
Q

What can ammonia be used for

A

Fertilisers

45
Q

Ammonia can be used to make nitric acid, what do you get if you react ammonia with nitric acid

A

Ammonium nitrate

46
Q

Why is ammonium nitrate a particularly good fertiliser

A

Because it contains nitrogen from two sources

Chemistry Revision (9 decks)

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