Organic Chemistry (Alkanes, Alkenes, Ethanol) Flashcards
What is a homologous series
A group of compounds that can all be represented by the same general formula
What is a hydrocarbon
Molecules that are made up of hydrogen and carbon atoms only
What does saturated mean
Containing the greatest number of hydrogen atoms.
Containing no double bonds
What does unsaturated mean
Containing double bonds.
Does not have the greatest number of hydrogen atoms
Are alkanes saturated or unsaturated
Saturated
What are isomers
Molecules that have the same molecular formula, but a different structural formula
What is the general formula of an alkane
CnH2n+2
What is the general formula of an alkene
CnH2n
Equation for the complete combustion of an alkane
Alkane + Oxygen –> Carbon dioxide + water
Equation for the incomplete combustion of an alkane
Alkane + Oxygen –> Carbon + Carbon monoxide + carbon dioxide + water
+ Smoky yellow flame
Halogens react with alkanes to make ______________. What happens in these reactions?
Haloalkanes
A hydrogen atom from the alkane is substituted by a halogen.
What is the general formula of alkenes
CnH2n
Halogens react with alkenes to form what
Haloalkanes
Halogen + alkane is known as a ____________ reaction
Substitution
Halogen + alkene is known as a ___________ reaction
Addition
Describe a test for alkenes
If you shaken an alkene with bromine water, it’ll turn from orange to colourless
Describe the 2 ways that ethanol can be produced
Ethene + steam
Fermentation
Where is ethene produced from
Crude oil
Ethene + Steam needs a:
Temperature of _______
Pressure of _______
Catalyst of _____________ ________
Temperature of 300
Pressure of 60-70 atmospheres
Catalyst of phosphoric acid
Fermentation needs a:
Temperature of _______
Pressure of _______
Catalyst of _____________ ________
Temperature of 30
Normal pressure
No catalyst
Rate of reaction:
Ethene + steam:
Fermentation:
Ethene + steam: Very fast
Fermentation: Very slow
Quality of product:
Ethene + steam:
Fermentation:
Ethene + steam: Pure
Fermentation: Impure
Raw material:
Ethene + steam:
Fermentation:
Ethene + steam: Ethene
Fermentation: Sugar
Renewable or unrenewable:
Ethene:
Sugar:
Ethene: unrenwable
Sugar: Renewable
Process:
Ethene + steam:
Fermentation:
Ethene + steam: Continuous process
Fermentation: Batch process
Costs:
Ethene + steam:
Fermentation:
Ethene + steam: Expensive equiptmens (high temp) but low labour costs
Fermentation: Cheap equiptment but higher labour costs
Describe the dehydration of ethanol to form ethene
This is done by removing water from the ethanol.
Ethanol vapour is passed over a hot catalyst of aluminium oxide
Catalyst used in the dehydration of ethanol to form ethene
Almuniqum oxide
