Princeton: 20th Century Flashcards
0
Q
Axis Alliance
A
An alliance of Germany, Italy, and Japan during World War II
1
Q
Atomic Bomb
A
Bomb that was created to show superiority by Americans to the Russians during World War II
2
Q
Civil Rights Movement
A
Movement that strong pushed for African-American civil rights during the 1960s
3
Q
Court Packing
A
FDRs idea to replace justices in the Supreme Court with those that favored the new deal projects
4
Q
Domino Theory
A
Idea that if one country falls to communism that all surrounding countries will soon fall to communism also (Vietnam War)
5
Q
Fourteen Points
A
Wilson’s plan for the post world war one era (Disarmaments, league of Nations to be created, but it was not supported by Congress)
6
Q
Gospel of Wealth
A
Carnegie’s idea that the poor should not be freely given money but rather that they be given jobs instead even if they are low-paying jobs
7
Q
Harlem Renaissance
A
Improvements in black culture that focused mainly in the city of Harlem (literature, art, music)
8
Q
Interstate Highway System
A
Eisenhowers system that created all interstate highways within the United States (Meant as evacuation routes in case of Soviet threat; People would rebuild along the interstate if the United States were bombed)
9
Q
Iron Curtain
A
The division of Europe into two separate areas at the end of World War II with Western Europe focusing mainly on democracy and Eastern Europe focusing mainly on communism
10
Q
Loyalty Boards
A
Designed to root out Communist influence in the United States federal government
11
Q
Manhattan Project
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Research and development project that produced the first atomic bombs during World War II
12
Q
Military-Industrial Complex
A
A concept commonly used to refer to policy and monetary relationships between legislators, national Armed Forces, and the military industrial base that supports them (Eisenhowers warning in his farewell address)
13
Q
Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD)
A
Concept that if one country attacks another country with the same nuclear power then they will both wipe each other out with that nuclear force
14
Q
New Deal
A
Programs in response to the great depression, and focused on the 3Rs : relief, recovery, and reform (Recovery of the economy to normal levels; Relief for the unemployed; and reform of the financial system to prevent a repeat depression)
15
Q
New Freedom
A
Reforms promoted by Wilson that includes tariff reform, business reform, and banking reform
16
Q
New Nationalism
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Theodore Roosevelt’s progressive political philosophy during the 1912 election
17
Q
Nixon’s “Enemies List”
A
A list of Richard Nixon’s major political opponents compiled by Charles Colson
18
Q
“Peace Without Victory”
A
Wilson’s speech that proposed peace terms for ending the war (Led to his 14 points)
19
Q
“Problem That Has No Name”
A
Another name for the feminine mystique (Book that called for women to leave the cult of domesticity)
20
Q
Prohibition
A
Alcohol became illegal by the 18th amendment (Later repealed by the 21st amendment)
21
Q
Proxy Wars
A
A war that results when opposing powers use third parties as substitutes for fighting each other directly (Cold War)
22
Q
Radio
A
Invention that allowed Americans to hear speeches from anywhere in the country (Mostly their homes)
23
Q
Reaganomics
A
Refers to the economic policies promoted by Ronald Reagan during the 1980s (Supply-side economics or trickle-down economics)
24
Satellites
An object which is in placed into orbit by human endeavor (Russia launched the first satellite Sputnik I)
25
Self-determination
Countries have the right to freely choose their sovereignty and international political status with no external influence
26
Sit-ins
Protests by African-Americans in which they sat in local cafés and demanded service
27
Submarine Warfare
The use of submarines in war (German tactic during World War II)
28
Supply-side Economics
Argues that economic growth can be most effectively created by lowering barriers for people to produce goods and services, such as lowering income tax and capital gains tax rates, and by allowing greater flexibility by reducing regulation
29
Trickle-down Theory
Idea that tax breaks or other economic benefits provided by government to businesses and the wealthy will benefit poorer members of society by improving the economy as a whole
30
Triple Alliance
Pact between Germany, Italy, and Austria-Hungary during World War I
31
Triple Entente
Alliance between France, Britain, and Russia during World War I
32
U-Boats
German submarines that were used in World War I and II
33
Urban Riots
Analysis of urban riots in terms of urban conditions influence the emerging field of urban economics in the 1960s (Riots that occur in the suburbs and the urban area)
34
Vietnamization
Nixon's policy of letting South Vietnam handle their own war with only economic aid from America
35
Zimmerman Telegram
Telegram sent from Germany to Mexico, that was intercepted by the United States, that stated that Mexico should attack the United States to prevent it from entering World War I
36
Army-McCarthy Hearings
Hearings held for the purpose of investigating conflicting accusations between United States Army and Sen. Joseph McCarthy (McCarthy accuse the army of being communist)
37
Berlin Blockade and Airlift
The Soviet Union blocked off help from West Germany into Berlin; furthermore, the Soviet unions plan was to force Western powers to allow the Soviet zone to start supplying Berlin with food and fuel, thereby giving the Soviets control
38
Bonus Expeditionary Force
World War I veteran gathering in DC in 1932 to demand early cash payment redemption of their service certificates
39
Court Packing
Roosevelt plans to remove Supreme Court justices and replace them with justices that supported new deal programs
40
Cuban Missile Crisis
13 day confrontation between the Soviet Union and Cuba on one side, and the United States on the other (Closest period during the Cold War where there was almost a nuclear conflict between the Soviet Union and United States)
41
D-Day
The day the Germany surrendered during World War II
42
Democratic National Convention, Chicago
Announcement that Lyndon B. Johnson would not seek reelection (Purpose was just like the new presidential nominee to run as the Democratic party's candidate for office)
43
Fall of Saigon
The capture of Saigon, the capital South Vietnam, by North Vietnam (Marked the end of the Vietnam war)
44
Geneva Conference (1954)
Purpose was to attempt to find a way to unify Vietnam and discuss the possibility of restoring peace in Indochina
45
Great Migration
Movement of blacks to northern cities to escape the racist south after World War I
46
Iran Hostage Crisis
52 Americans were held hostage for 444 days after group of the Islamist students in militants supporting the Iranian revolution, took over the American Embassy in Tehran
47
Iran-Contra Affair
Political scandal during the Reagan Administration, senior administration officials facilitated the sale of arms to Iran, the subject of an arms embargo
48
Japanese American Internment
Interment of Japanese-Americans on the coast of California in response to the attack on Pearl Harbor (Government was afraid of Japanese-American spies)
49
The Jazz Singer
The first talkie
50
Korean War
War between North and South Korea and was the result of the political division of Korea by agreement of the victorious Allies at the conclusion of the Pacific war at the end of World War II (Divided along the 38th parallel and eventually a demilitarized zone was created)
51
Lusitania
British oceanliner that was shot down by German U-boats during World War I (Suspected of containing armaments for Britain and it also had American merchants aboard)
52
March on Washington
Designed to pressure the United States government desegregating the Armed Forces and providing fair working opportunities for African Americans
53
Montgomery Bus Boycott
Social and political protest campaign against the policy of racial segregation on the public transit system of Montgomery, Alabama
54
My Lai Massacre
The Vietnam War mass murder of between 347 and 504 unarmed civilians in South Vietnam by the United States Army (Global outrage ensued when it became public knowledge in 1969)
55
Nixon Resigns
Resignation due to the Watergate scandal
56
Operation Desert Storm
Operation meant to prevent Saddam Hussein from having control over Saudi Arabian oil fields
57
Paris Peace Talks
Beginning of negotiations between North Vietnam and the United States on ending the Vietnam War (Or at least the United States leaving South Vietnam)
58
Pentagon Papers
History of United States' political-military involvement in Vietnam from 1945 to 1967 (Released to the public in 1971)
59
Persian Gulf War
War waged by a United Nations-authorize coalition force and 34 nations led by the United States, against Iraq in response to Iraq's invasion and annexation of Kuwait
60
Russo-Japanese War
War between the Russian Empire and the Empire of Japan over Manchuria and Korea
61
Saturday Night Massacre
Richard Nixon's dismissal of special prosecutor Archibald Cox and the resignations of Elliot Richardson and William Ruckelshaus during the Watergate scandal
62
Scopes Monkey Trial
Trial over whether or not the teaching of evolution should be allowed in public schools
63
Six Day War
War between Israel and the neighboring states Egypt with Israel winning the land war and taking control of the Gaza Strip, the Sinai Peninsula, the West Bank, south Jerusalem, and the Golan Heights
64
Sputnik
First satellite launch by the Russians
65
Stock Market Crash
Crash of the stock market in October 1929 that marked the beginning of the Great Depression
66
Stonewall Riots
Riots that kicked off the first gay and lesbian rights movements
67
Tet Offensive
Attack by North Vietnam on the cities of South Vietnam and led to the eventual leave of the United States from South Vietnam
68
Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire
Fire that led to legislation requiring improved factory safety standards and helped spur the growth of the international ladies garment workers union, which fought for better working conditions for sweatshop workers
69
Watts Riots
Riot against black settling in certain neighborhoods in California (California did not have Jim Crow laws but they had a law to keep Hispanics and Africans from living in specific neighborhoods)
70
World War I
War that was started by the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria with the United States not entering the war until 1917
71
World War II
War between Allied and the Axis powers due to the rapid expansion of Germany (Invasion of Poland and the Holocaust)
72
Adolf Hitler
Leader of Nazi Germany during World War II
73
Al Gore
Ran against Bush in the 2000 election
74
Alger Hiss
Involved in the establishment of the United Nations as the United States State Department and United Nations official and he was accused of being Soviets in 1948 and convicted of perjury in connection with this charge in 1950
75
Alliance For Progress
Aimed to establish economic cooperation between United States and Latin America
76
Archduke Ferdinand
Leader of Austria prior to the first world war (His death was the cause of the first world war)
77
Ashcan School
In artistic movement in United States during the early 20th century is best known for works portraying scenes of daily life in New York, often in the poorer neighborhoods
78
Barack Obama
One 2008 election and became the 44th President of the United States (First African American President)
79
Benito Mussolini
Dictator of Italy during the second world war
80
Betty Friedan
Promoted women to leave the cult of domesticity
81
Bill Clinton
President that believed in social equality (Second president to be impeached because of the Lewinsky scandal)
82
Black Panthers
Radical African American activists in the movement for civil rights (Openly carried guns, attacked police, and threatened the white man's democracy)
83
Bolsheviks
Political party in Soviet Russia (Followed Vladimir Lenin and Joseph Stalin)
84
Bull Moose Party
Another name for the progressivist party
85
Calvin Coolidge
Restored public confidence in the White House after scandals of his predeccesors
86
Charles Lindbergh
First man to successfully fly across the Atlantic Ocean in one trip
87
Chicago Seven
Seven defendants charged with conspiracy, inciting riots, and other charges related to protests that took place in Chicago, Illinois
88
Committee To Re-Elect The Pressident (CREEP)
Fundraising organization of Richard Nixon's administration (Also employed money-laundering and slush funds and was directly and actively involved in the Watergate scandal)
89
Congress Of Industrial Organizations
Federation of unions that organized workers in industrial unions in the United States and Canada (Merged with the AF of L in 1955)
90
Congress Of Racial Equality (CORE)
Played a pivotal role for African-Americans in the civil rights movement
91
Dixiecrats
Party that believed in Jim Crow laws and white supremacy (Segregationalists)
92
Dwight D. Eisenhower
Launched the interstate highway system, the defensed advanced research projects agency, and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (Also worked with the Little Rock, Arkansas issue)
93
Earl Warren
Helped end school segregation (Warren Court)
94
Ernest Hemingway
Used economical and an understated style of the strongest influence on 20th-century fiction
95
Ethel and Julius Rosenberg
Charged as spies for the Soviet Union and passing information about the atomic bomb to the Soviet Union
96
Eugene McCarthy
Ran on an anti-Vietnam war platform in the 1968 Presidential election against Lyndon B. Johnson
97
F. Scott Fitzgerald
Author of novels within the Jazz age, a term he created himself (Themes of youth and promise along with despair and age)
98
Fidel Castro
Dictator of Cuba
99
Flappers
Lowered the standard morals for women (Short skirts, makeup, drinking, casual sex, smoking, driving, and other social/sexual norms)
100
Franklin Delanor Roosevelt
Created many new deal programs and possibly helped the United States leave Great Depression (Opinionated Views)
101
Free Speech Movement, Berkeley
Protests that demanded that the university acknowledge the students right to free speech and academic freedom
102
General Douglas MacArthur
Led the UN command in the Korean War until he was removed by Pres. Harry Truman in 1951 due to failure to acknowledge orders
103
George H.W. Bush
Led the Persian Gulf War (Soviet Union and the Berlin Wall fell during his presidency)
104
George W. Bush
Won the 2000 Election due to the recount of votes in Florida by the Supreme Court
105
Gerald Ford
Pardoned Richard Nixon and signed the Helsinki Accords
106
Harry S. Truman
Involved in the bombing of Japan, containing communism, and the Korean War (Truman Doctrine)
107
Henry Cabot Lodge
Opposed Wilson's 14 points (Stalemate caused America not to join)
108
Henry Ford
Developer of the assembly line technique of mass production and founder the Ford Motor Company
109
Henry Kissinger
Pioneered the policy of detente with the Soviet Union, opened relations with China, and negotiated the Paris peace accords that ended the American involvement in the Vietnam War
110
Herbert Hoover
Laid the groundwork for FDR's new deal programs
111
Hideki Tojo
Leader of Japan during World War II
112
Ho Chi Minh
Communist leader of North Vietnam
113
House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC)
Investigated alleged disloyalty among private citizens, public employees, and organizations suspected of having Communistic ties
114
International Workers of the World
Promoted that all workers should be united as a social class and that capitalism and wage labor be abolished
115
Jacob Riis
Investigated the slums and living conditions of those in the cities (How The Other Half Lives)
116
James Meredith
The first African-American student admitted to the University of Mississippi
117
Jimmy Carter
Pursued the Camp David Accords and SALT II
118
John F. Kennedy
Promoted the New Frontier idea during the Cold War (assassinated)
119
Joseph McCarthy
Accused many social and political figures of being communist (Went too far when he accused the U.S. Army of communism)
120
Little Rock Nine
Admitted into a segregated school with the help of Federal Troops (Eisenhower Administration)
121
Lyndon Johnson
Oversaw the air raids and bombing of Vietnam (Public outrage occured and he did not run for a second term)
122
Malcolm X
Taught black supremacy and advocated black and white segregation
123
Marcus Garvey
Promoted Black Nationalism and Pan-Africanism (Back-To-Africa Movement)
124
Margaret Sanger
Birth control activist that promoted the pill
125
Martin Luther King Jr.
Promoted a Dream of a desegregated society during the Civil Rights Movement (assassinated)
126
Monica Lewinsky
Woman whom Bill Clinton admitted to having sexual relations with while she was in the White House
127
Muckrakers
A writer who invetigates and publishes truthful reports to perform an auditing function (Advocates reform and change)
128
NAACP
Focus was to ensure rights for all and to prevent racism and segregation
129
NASA
Space program that races against the Soviet Union (Put the first man on the moon)
130
National Municipal League
Advocated openness in local government
131
National Organization For Women (NOW)
Set up for the public advancement of women (feminist movement)
132
New Left
Term used for those who promoted a broad range of reforms (Hippie and College Protest Movements)
133
New Right
Conservatist movement in the United States
134
Nikita Khruschev
Leader of the Soviet Union in the initial Cold War (Cuban Missile Crisis)
135
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
Collective defense against an attack by an external party
136
Organization of American States
Mutual defense treaty among the North and South American countries
137
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)
Oil cartel whose mission is to coordinate the policies of oil-producing countries (embargo against America in response in the Yom Kippur War)
138
Progressive Party
Led by President Theodore Roosevelt after he split from the Republican Party (Promoted a wide range of Economic reforms)
139
Richard Nixon
Handled the end of the Vietnam War (Resigned after the Watergate Scandal)
140
Robert Kennedy
Promoted civil-rights (assassinated for support of Israel)
141
Ronald Reagan
Promoted his concept of Reaganomics (supply-side economics) during his presidency
142
Sacco and Vanzetti
Two Italian immigrants that were executed for an armed robbery charge on a shoe factory
143
Saddam Hussein
President of Iraq during Desert Storm
144
Sandra Day O'Connor
Appointed by Reagan as a Supreme Court justice
145
Sinclair Lewis
Known for insightful critical views of American Society and capitalist views in his writings
146
Slobodan Milosevic
Yugoslavian President
147
Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO)
Collective defense among the southeastern countries of asia
148
Southern Christian Leadership Conference
Civil rights organization led by Martin Luther King Jr.
149
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
Promoted civil rights among college students
150
Students For A Democratic Society
Promoted an end to the Vietnam War (Later turned into a domestic terrorist group named the Watchmen)
151
Theodore Roosevelt
Promoted many economic reforms and restricted the growth of trusts (Trust-Busting)
152
Thurgood Marshall
First African-American Supreme Court Justice (Lawyer in Brown v. Board of Education)
153
United Nations
Organization that deals with worldly affairs and keeping peace and international law
154
Upton Sinclair
Promoted reform of the meat-packing industries (The Jungle)
155
The Urban League
Civil Rights organization that advocates against racial discrimination for African-Americans
156
Warren Burger
Ruled on abortion, capital punishment, religious establishment, and school desegregation in the Supreme Court
157
Warren G. Harding
Dealt with striking workers and child welfare programs in his presidency
158
William Howard Taft
Believed that trusts should be destroyed rather than regulated
159
William Rehnquist
Favored the 10th Amendment and federalism in his Supreme Court rulings
160
Women's Trade Union League
Supported the creation of Women Unions and to elimate sweatshop conditions
161
Woodrow Wilson
Promoted neutrality until America was forced into the war (Fourteen Points)
162
Wright Brothers
With their discovery and model of manned flight the plane industry was used as a postal and commercial service
163
Bay of Pigs
Failed American attempt to overthrow Fidel Castro
164
Berlin Wall
Division of Communist and Capitalist held Germanys within the capital of Berlin
165
Bosnia
Focus of a civil war that broke up Yugoslavia into smaller states
166
Camp David
Presidential country retreat (Home of the negotiations between Iran and Carter)
167
Gulf of Tonkin
Issue that ended in the issuance of more war-making power to Lyndon B. Johnson
168
Hiroshima
The first city in Japan to be bombed
169
Kosovo
Apart of Yugoslavia during WWII
170
Kuwait
Country that wanted Hussein to take control of the Saudi Arabian Oil Fields
171
Little Rock, Arkansas
Nine students successfully entered a segregated school with assistance of the federal government
172
Los Alamos
Indian reservation in New Mexico
173
Nagasaki
Second city in Japan to be bombed
174
Pearl Harbor
Japanese attack on Hawaii and led to the atomic bombing of Japan
175
Persian Gulf
Area in which the Persian Gulf War and Operation Desert Storm occured
176
Potsdam
Home of the German Kaisers during WWI
177
Three Mile Island
Incident off the coast of Pennsylvania that almost had a nuclear meltdown of a factory (Many people began to protest nuclear power afterwards)
178
Tin Pan Alley
Collection of punlishers and songwriters during the 19th and 20th centuries
179
Watergate
Scandal that led to the Nixon trials
180
Yalta
City in Southern Ukraine (Yalta Conference)
181
Abrams v. United States
Ruling that the Espionage Act did not violtate the freedom of speech protected in the 1st Amendment
182
Agricultural Adjustment Act
Restricted agricultural production by paying farmers subsidies not to plant and to kill of extra livestock
183
Atlantic Charter
Defined the Allies' goals for the post WWII era
184
16th Amendment
Allows the federal government to collect an income tax
185
17th Amendment
Establishes the direct election of Senators by popular vote
186
18th Amendment
Prohibition of alcohol
187
19th Amendment
Women's Rights
188
21st Amendment
Repeals the 18th Amendment
189
Baghdad Pact
Least successful Cold War Alliance
190
Baker v. Carr
Decided that redistricting (changing the voting district) issues were questionable and enabled federal courts to intervene on such matters
191
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka
Established that segregation of schools was unconstitutional
192
Camp David Accords
Led to the Egypt-Israel Peace Treaty
193
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
Gathers intelligenve and establishes the safety of national concerns
194
Civil Rights Act of 1964
Gave basic rights to all Americans
195
Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)
Public work relief program for unemployed and unmarried men (Nature work program)
196
Clayton Anti-Trust Act
Added teeth to the Sherman Anti-Trust Act
197
Containment
Policy of containing communism and preventing it from spreading throughout the world
198
Department of Housing and Urban Development
Great Society program that executed policies for homes and metropolises
199
Eisenhower Doctrine
A country could request American economic or military aid if threatened by armed aggression from another state
200
Elementary and Secondary Education Act
Funds primary and secondary education and forbade the establishment of a national curriculum (War on Poverty)
201
Higher Education Act
Strengthened educational resources for colleges and universities and to provide financial assisstance for students (Johnson)
202
Emergency Banking Relief Bill
Allows only Federal Reserve approved banks to operate in America (Depression)
203
Emergency Quota Act
Limited the amount of immigrants that poured into the nation after WWI by placing a quota on countries (Discrimination of South and Eastern Europe)
204
Engel v. Vitale
It is uncontitutional for state officials to compose an official school prayer and encourage its recitation in public schools
205
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
Protects human health and the environment by enforcing regulations based on Congressional laws
206
Equal Rights Amendment
Established rights for all women
207
Escobedo v. Illinois
Criminals have a right to counsel during police interrogations (6th Amendment)
208
Espionage Act
Prohibits any attempt to interfere with militart operations, support American enemies during war, interfere with recruitment or promote insubordination (WWI)
209
Fair Deal
Truman's administrative policies
210
Fair Labor Standards Act
Established a 44-hour work week, overtime payments, and minimum wage (1938)
211
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
Independent agency working off the Banking Act of 1933
212
Federal Emergency Relief Act
Gave loans to states to operate relief programs
213
Federal Highway Act
Created the Interstate Highway System (Eisenhower)
214
Federal Reserve Act
Set up the Federal Reserve System (Central Banking System)
215
Federal Trade Commission Act
Set up the Federal Trade Commission (Wilson against trusts)
216
Fordney McCumber Act
Raised tariffs to protect factories and farms (1922)
217
Full Employment Act
Laid the economic stability of inflation and unemployment onto the federal government
218
Furman v. Georgia
Requirement of a consistency in the application of the federal government
219
Geneva Conference
1954: Discussions on Korea and Indochina
1955: Britain, Russia, America, and France discuss global security
220
Gideon v. Wainwright
Those who cannot afford an attorney are provided one by the state (14th Amendment)
221
Glass-Steagall Banking Act
Limited commercial bank security activities and affiliations between commercial banks and firms
222
Good Neighbor Policy
FDR's policy of non-intervention and non-interference in the domestic affairs of Latin America
223
Great Society
Set of domestic programs in the United States announced by President Lyndon B. Johnson for social reform and elimination of poverty and racial injustice
224
Griswold v. Connecticut
Supreme Court ruling that stated that the Constitution protected a right to privacy
225
Hawley-Smoot Tariff
Raised United States tariffs on over 20,000 importing goods to record levels during the Great Depression
226
Helsinki Accord
Signed a declaration in an attempt to improve relations between the communists and the west (Was nonbinding since it was not a treaty)
227
Kellogg-Briand Pact
International agreement in which the signed parties promised not to use war to resolve any sort of dispute or conflict that may arise (Between Germany, France, and the United States)
228
Korematsu v. United States
Supreme Court ruling that Japanese internment camps were constitutional due to the Government's need to prevent espionage
229
Lend-Lease Act
Act that allowed the United States to lend armaments to the Allies without affecting America's neutrality in WWII (Countries would return given armaments back after the end of the war)
230
Marshall Plan
American program to aid Europe by sending economic support to prevent the spread of communism in democratic nations (Greece and Turkey)
231
McCarran Internal Security Act
Required communist organizations to register with United States Attorney General and established the subversive activities control board which investigates persons suspected of engaging in subversive activities or otherwise promoting communism
232
McCarran-Walter Immigration and Nationality Act
Restricted immigration into the United States and governs primarily immigration to and citizenship in America (1952-Present)
233
Meat Inspection Act
Works to prevent adulterated or misbranding meat and meat products from being sold as food and make sure the meat is slaughtered and processed under sanitary conditions
234
Medicare
Guarantees access to health insurance for Americans aged 65 and older and younger people with disabilities
235
Medicaid
Health program for families and individuals with low income and resources
236
Miranda v. Arizona
Established that a person must be read their rights before interrogation or questioning
237
Munich Agreement
Settlement permitting Nazi Germany's annexation of Czechoslovakia
238
NAFTA
Allows free-trade between Canada, Mexico, and America
239
National Defense Act
Established the department of the Air Force and the office of secretary of the Air Force
240
National Industrial Recovery Act
Authorized the president to regulate industry and attempt to raise prices after severe deflation and stimulate economic recovery (New deal)
241
National Origins Act (1924)
Limited the annual number of immigrants admitted from any country to 2% of the number of people from the country who are already living in the US in 1890
242
National Security Council
Governmental body responsible for coordinating policy on national security issues and advising chief executives on matters related to national security
243
National War Labor Board
Federal agency created in April 1918 by Woodrow Wilson with the purpose to arbitrate disputes between workers and employers in order to ensure labor reliability and productivity during the war
244
Nazi-Soviet Pact
Treaty between Germany and Soviet Union that outlined nonaggression between the two countries
245
Neutrality Act
Statement that America would not get involved in World War II and was spurred by the growth of isolationism in America
246
New York Times v. United States
Ruling that made it possible for the New York Times and Washington Post newspapers to publish the Pentagon papers
247
Nixon Doctrine
America would assist in the defense and developments of allies and friends but would not undertake all the defense of the free nations of the world
248
Nixon v. United States
Trial over the Watergate scandal (Nixon would have been impeached if he had not resigned) and was later pardoned
249
Northern Securities Co. v. United States
Ruling that ended in the dissolve of the Northern securities Company
250
Office of Economic Oppurtunity
Agency responsible for administering most of the war on poverty programs created by Lyndon B. Johnson
251
Panama Canal Treaties
Treaties that guaranteed that Panama would gain control of the Panama Canal after 1999
252
Peace Corps
Volunteer program run by the United States government (Provides technical assistance; helps people outside America understand American culture; and helps Americans understand the cultures of other countries)
253
Platt Amendment
Dictated the conditions of the withdrawal of United States troops remaining Cuba at the end of the Spanish American war and defined terms of Cuban American relations
254
Port Huron Statement
Manifesto of the students for democratic society (Race and alienation are the two major points of focus)
255
Project Apollo
Program that successfully landed American astronauts upon the moon
256
Pure Food and Drug Act
Regulated food and drugs in interstate commerce (Progressive Era)
257
Reconstruction Finance Corporation
Gave $2 billion in aid to state and local governments and made loans to banks, railroads, mortgage associations and other businesses
258
Regents of University of California v. Bakke
Ruled unconstitutional then admission process of the medical school at the University of California at Davis (16 seats for Blacks, Chicanos, Asians, and Native Americans and 84 seats for Whites)
259
Roe v. Wade
Allowed for abortion (Still highly controversial today)
260
Roosevelt Corollary
Stated that the United States will intervene in conflicts between European nations and Latin American countries and enforce legitimate claims of the European powers, rather than having Europeans press claims directly
261
SALT-II
Second round of agreements with China on the basis of nuclear arms and usage
262
Schecter Poultry Co. v. United States
Invalidated regulations of the poultry industry according to the nondelegation doctrine and as an invalid use of congresses power under the commerce clause
263
Schenck v. United States
Upheld the espionage act of 1917 and concluded that a defendant did not have a First Amendment right to express freedom of speech against the draft during World War I
264
Securities and Exchange Commission
Holds primary responsability for forcing the federal securities laws and regulating security industry (Stock Market)
265
Sedition Act
Extended the espionage act of 1917 to cover a brother range of offenses, notably speech and expression of opinion that cast the government in a negative light
266
Selective Service Act of 1917
Authorized the federal government to issue a draft during World War I
267
Selective Training and Service Act of 1940
Required that men between the ages 21 and 35 register with local draft boards (During World War II men aged 18 to 45 were to be drafted)
268
G.I. Bill
Law that provided a range of benefits for returning World War II veterans (Low mortgage, low-interest loans, cash for tuition and living expenses to attend college, high school education, and one year of unemployment compensation)
269
Social Security Administration
Agency that administers Social Security
270
Standard Oil Co. v. United States
Case that ended in the division of the standard oil company
271
Star Wars
Reagan's plan to send a satellite, armed with a laser, to shoot down incoming Soviet missiles from space
272
SALT
Agreement between China and the United States to prohibit the use of specific nuclear arms
273
Taft-Hartley Act
Restricts the activities and power of labor unions
274
Tennessee Valley Authority
Federally owned corporation that provides navigation, flood control, electricity generation, fertilizer manufacturing, and economic development in the Tennessee Valley (The valley was heavily affected during the Great Depression)
275
Treaty of Versailles
Treaty that ended the war between Germany and the Allied powers
276
Tripartite Pact
Established the Axis Powers of World War II (Germany, Italy, Japan)
277
Truman Doctrine
Stated that the United States would support Greece and Turkey with economic and military aid to prevent them from falling into the Soviet sphere
278
United States v. Butler
Ruled that the agricultural adjustment act was unconstitutional
279
Voice of America
The official external broadcast institution of the United States federal government
280
Volstead Act
Enacted to carry out the 18th amendment
281
Voting Rights Act
Outlawed discriminatory voting practices that had been responsible for the widespread disenfranchisement of African-Americans in America
282
Wagner Act
Guarantees basic rights of private sector employees to organize into trade unions
283
War Powers Resolution
Federal law intended to check the presidents power to commit the United States to an armed conflict without the consent of Congress (The president must notify Congress within 48 hours of committing armed forces to military action and forbids forces to remain for more than 60 days without an operation authorization of these military forces or a declaration of war by Congress)
284
Warsaw Pact
The mutual defense treaty among the eight Communist states in Central and Eastern Europe during the Cold War
285
Washington Naval Conference
Meeting that regarded the interests in the Pacific Ocean and in East Asia
286
Works Progress Administration
New deal program that provided jobs for the building of public and governmental buildings
