Princeton: 18th & 19th Centuries Flashcards
0
Q
Assembly Line
A
Made assembly of a product easier and efficient by having each worker focus on one simple task down a line
1
Q
Adams’ Midnight Appointments
A
Adams attempted to keep Federalist influence within the government’s judicial system
2
Q
Beard Thesis
A
Statement by Charles Beard that said that the Founding Fathers f structured the Constitution off their personal financial interests
3
Q
First Bank of the United States (BUS)
A
Created by Alexander Hamilton and was meant to pull the nation’s economy upwards (meant to last 20 years)
4
Q
Freeport Doctrine
A
Douglas’ argument that states had the right to popular sovereignty (The doctrine defended that right)
5
Q
The Frontier Thesis
A
Stated that the American frontier was gone and could only be built upon (Character, dreams, and hopes were laid in the frontier)
6
Q
Gospel of Wealth
A
Carnegie argued that it was dangerous to hand money to the poor from the rich (Work was needed as a means for them to earn the money)
7
Q
Horizontal Integration
A
When a company buys out all of the competition and forms a monopoly (Standard Oil)
8
Q
Interchangeable Parts
A
Allowed the cheaper manufacturing and purchasing of parts of a product that could easily be replaced (Consumers did not have to buy an entirely new product)
9
Q
Jeffersonian Republicanism
A
Based on a agrarian society (People and states had more power than the federal government)
10
Q
Jingoism
A
Threats made by a nation to protect it’s interests (Used in the Phillipinnes and in Cuba)
11
Q
Judicial Review
A
Ability of the court to review any decision made by Congress (Gave the court more power to help balance out laws made by Congress)
12
Q
Kitchen Cabinet
A
Unofficial advisors that Andrew Jackson consulted besides the U.S. Cabinet
13
Q
Loose Constructionism
A
Belief that the Constitution was a guideline for laws but could be amended (Laws could be made that the Constitution did not forbid; Hamilton)
14
Q
Lowell System
A
Labor model that helped increase the production of textiles (All production was done under one roof)
15
Q
Manifest Destiny
A
Belief that Americans had the right to expand westward to the Pacific Ocean (God-given right)
16
Q
Nativism
A
Demanding a favored status of the original populace (Immigrants poured into the country and stole jobs from Americans)
17
Q
Pet Banks
A
State banks that recieved money from the U.S. Treasury (Able to loan money to local banks and to the population, helped on credit with homes and farm tools)
18
Q
Popular Sovereignty
A
Ability of the state to decide whether it was for or against slavery (Decisions in Kansas, Nebraska, and California destroyed the Missouri Compromise)
19
Q
Second Bank of the United States (BUS)
A
2nd term of the Bank of the United States (Government recieved revenue during Jefferson’s presidency)
20
Q
Second Party System
A
Two parties ran on a ballot for the presidency (Democrats/Republicans)
21
Q
Social Darwinism
A
Only the successful businesses were meant to survive (Big business thrived while local businesses failed)
22
Q
Spoils System
A
Giving of political office to advocates and friends (Jackson handed out seats to advisors and those who helped him campaign)
23
Q
Standard Oil Company
A
Rockefeller used horizontal integration to take over the oil industry and formed a monopoly
24
States Right's
Rights the states had to protect themselves from the federal government (Southern states felt attacked by Northern laws and seceded)
25
Strict Constructionism
Belief that the constitution should be followed to the letter (Jefferson)
26
Trust
Large business within an industry (Standard Oil, Railroad)
27
Turner Thesis
Another name for the Frontier Thesis
28
U.S. Steel Corporation
Trust ran by Morgan that the government attempted to break up and failed
29
Utopian Communities
Perfect society promoted by the Mormons
30
Vertical Integration
Owning all of the production of a product (Carnegie Steel Company)
31
War Profiteering
Overcharging the government for goods and services during war (Many of the goods were not high-grade but were bought due to need)
32
Washington's Farewell Address
Warned the U.S. to stay out of foreign affairs while it was still a new nation (Jefferson passed Neutrality Acts)
33
White Man's Burden
Idea that the Blacks were inferior and needed to be taught religion and labor by the white man (Reason to keep slavery in the South)
34
Yellow Journalism
Type of journalism that based itself on scandals and corruption
35
Annapolis Convention
Hamilton called for an assembly to deal with issues surrounding the government (5 delegates came and no progress was made)
36
Antietam
Bloodiest battle of the civil war (Union used the win to keep Britain and France from aiding the Confederacy)
37
Atlanta Exposition/Compromise
Outlined Booker's view on race relations (Compromise allowed basic rights to Blacks as long as they continued work)
38
Battle of New Orleans
Union captured the largest Confederate city (Turning point of the war)
39
Bleeding Kansas
Attacks between pro and antislavery groups that led to many deaths throughout both capitals
40
Boston Massacre
Killing of innocents by Royal Soldiers after they had assaulted the officers (Tension rose between the U.S. and Britain)
41
Boston Tea Party
Throwing of tea into the harbor in protest of the taxes that were imposed by the British
42
Boxer Rebellion
Rebellion by Chinese against the spheres of influence that lined its coast (Chinese wanted culture and own trade)
43
Chesapeake Affair
Confederate sympathizers from Canada aided in the capture of a Union ship in New England
44
Compromise of 1877
Pulled out military influence from the South and ended the Reconstruction Era
45
Constitutional Convention of 1787
Ended in the creation of the Constitution
46
Credit Mobilier Scandal
Government officials were bribed to keep taxes low for the company
47
Cross of Gold Speech
Speech by Jennings that promoted the coinage of silver as opposed to the gold standard (Appealed to farmers since it would raise crop prices and their loans would be paid off faster)
48
Era of Good Feelings
Ended the Federalist Party and sought American unity (Marks the first economic troubles in America)
49
Federalist Papers
Spread the position of the Federalists on the Constitution theoughout the colonies
50
Filipino Insurrection
Conflict between the Phillipinnes and America on the independence of the islands (Treaty of Manila was made and the Phillipinnes were releases)
51
French and Indian War
War between the British and French with Natives on both sides (British won with American aid and France was kicked out of North America)
52
German and Irish Immigration
Potato famine forced Germany and Ireland to search for opputunities in America (Took jobs, which led to protests by laborers)
53
Gold Rush in California
Sent many Americans westward for a chance to make a profit (Helped in expanding westward)
54
Great Migration
Movement of Blacks to Northern cities for better jobs, less racism, and to start a culture
55
Hartford Covention
Federalists met to discuss issues and grievances about the war of 1812 (Party died off soon because of public relations)
56
Haymarket Square Riot
Bomb went off in a mass of people and police (Marked the end of the Knights of Labor)
57
Homestead Strike
Efforts to unionize within the steel industry occured through strikes (Carnegie forced a lockout to those within Unions)
58
Indian Removal Act (1830)
Forced Natives into reservations in the West (Gold had been found on original land)
59
King George's War
Capture of French Louisbourg (Raised morale of Americans, but made them angry when the city was returned to France)
60
Lincoln-Douglas Debates
The debates helped denounce popular sovereignty and helped Lincoln begin a political career
61
Maysville Road Veto
Veto of allowing the government to invest in the building of roads (Jackson believed that the government should leave local economic affairs alone)
62
Mexican-American War
War over the secession and annexation of Texas and America expansion (Ended in Mexico ceding from Modern America with payments of $5 Million)
63
Pullman Strike
Strike based on the increase of wages and non-fluctuating rents (Federal government stepped in and broke up the Union and strike)
64
Reform Movements
Meant to improve social and economic issues (Temperance Movement, Public Education)
65
Second Great Awakening
Second revival of religion in America (Baptists and Methodists brought in more followers)
66
Seneca Falls Convention
1st convention for women's rights (Women wanted the right to vote in politics)
67
Seward Purchase of Alaska
Seen as a mistake by many (Bought from Russia but was discovered to be rich in raw materials)
68
Shay's Rebellion
Protest by war veterans against the taxes and shut down courts for tax collecting
69
Sherman's March Through Georgia
Crippled the states economy and destroyed the agrarian society (Cut off food supply to the Confederates also)
70
Sioux Wars
Retaliation by Native Sioux against the removal (Sioux lost and were removed from the land)
71
South Carolina Exposition and Protest
Protest against the tariffs that harmed the Southern economy (States rights)
72
South Carolina Ordinance of Nullification
Stated the nullification of the tariffs (They eventually seceded with other Southern states following them)
73
Spanish-American War
Assertion of the Monroe Doctrine to protect interests of America in the Western Hemisphere (America controlled many territories afterwards)
74
Stamp Act Crisis
Placed a harsh tax on the colonies (Colonies demanded it to be removed due to no representation in Parliament)
75
Swing Around The Circle
Johnson campaigned for a lenient Reconstruction of the South (North disagreed and ended Reconstruction with military in Southern governments)
76
Trail of Tears
Route that was taken by Natives as they were relocated to reservations
77
Tripoli War
War against Tripoli to stop the attack of American merchant ships
78
U.S.S. Maine
Ship sinking that brought America into the Spanish-American war
79
Uncle Tom's Cabin
Brought up the issues of slavery and how slaves were treated (Motivated the first abolitionists)
80
Undeclared Naval War With France
Capture of American ships that led to the XYZ Affair
81
Union and Central Pacific Joined Transcontinental Line
Marked the point in which the nation was unionized through trade (Populace could trade opwnly in the nation)
82
Whiskey Rebellion
Rebellion over the excise tax on whiskey (Federal troops were sent to halt the rebellion, showed the power of the government)
83
XYZ Affair
Bribing of French officials to halt the taking of American ships
84
Abraham Lincoln
President that fid everything in his power to reunite the Union (Assassinated later on)
85
Alfred Thayer Mahan
Stated that a country with great naval power would have a great impact worldwide
86
American Anti-Slavery Society
1st abolitionist group that protested against slavery
87
American Federation of Labor
Labor Union that based its members as craftsmen (accepted only skilled workers) and wanted higher wages and lower hours
88
American Protective Association
Secret society that was against Catholicism
89
Andrew Carnegie
Ran the steel trusts and wrote the Gospel of Wealth and promoted Social Darwinism
90
Andrew Jackson
President that promoted Jacksonian Democracy and focused on the rights of the city dwellers
91
Andrew Johnson
Lincolns successor and attempted carry out Lincolns ideals (Was first president to be impeached)
92
Anti-Federalists
Those who opposed the Constitution
93
Anti-Masonic Party
A society that was against secret societied taking part in American politics
94
Benjamin Harrison
Created the Sherman Anti-Trust Act and advocated rights for African Americans
95
Booker T. Washington
Promoted the idea that Blacks should advance themselves economically rather than socially
96
Border Ruffians
Pro-slavery activists that ran into Kansas and voted for slavery
97
Boss Tweed
Big business owner who used his money to run corrupt cops and help the poor in exchange for votes
98
Chief Joseph and the Nez Pierce
Fled from an American army to escape reservations (Was caught and placed in a reservation)
99
Citizen Edmund Genet
Came to America to ask for aide to the French (Aid was denied)
100
Civil Service Commission
Commission designed to oversee employment and working conditions of laborers
101
Committees of Correspondence
Individual state governments in the 13 colonies that coordinated responses to and from British leaders
102
Coxey's Army
Marched in protest the unemployment caused by the Panic of 1863 and lobbied for government builds (roads and public buildings) to provide jobs
103
Daniel Webster
Worked out Compromises to help keep the war at bay between the North and South
104
Dorothea Dix
Advocated for rights of the mentally ill and disabled (Wanted them in hospitals and asylums rather than prisons)
105
Elizabeth Blackwell
1st woman to recieve a medical degree in America (Promoted womens education within medicine)
106
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Created the 1st womens suffrage movement (Didnt support the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments)
107
Emerson and Thoreau
Both were leaders of transcendalism snd protested against the culture and society of the age
108
Eugene V. Debs
Leader of the Socialist Party and the Wobblies (IWW)
109
Federalists
Those who believed in the constitutions rules and values
110
First Continental Congress
Decided and compiled the grievances of the 13 colonies to Britain
111
Forty-Niners
Those who entered the gold rush in 1849 (California Gold Rush)
112
Franklin Pierce
President that advocates the Monro Doctrine (wanted Britain out of Central America)
113
Frederick Douglass
Writer that supported the abolitionists and African rights
114
Frederick Jackson Turner
Wrote the turner thesis (Frontier was dead and it had held all hopes and dreams)
115
Free Soil Party
Opposed slavery and the expansion of slavery into the new territories
116
George Washington
1st president that kept the U.S. out of foreign affairs and warned future leaders of getting involved
117
King George III
King of Britain that governed over the colonies during the American Revolution
118
The Grange Movement
Group of families that promoted the economic and politics of agriculture (Later joined into the Populist Party)
119
Greenback Party
Party against monopolies and promoted greenbacks to help cause inflation (would raise prices and make debts for farmers easier to pay)
120
Henry Clay
Senator who made many Compromises to help keep the country together (1820, 1850) and had a agreement with adams for being secretary of state
121
Horace Mann
Promoted the creation of a public school system (Helped further education measures for teachers and students)
122
James Buchanan
Attempted to halt the War prematurely but alienated both sides (South seceded)
123
James Garfield
Promoted Civil Rights and denounced the greenback (Assassinated)
124
James Monroe
Proclaimed the Monroe Doctrine as foreign policy
125
James Polk
Heavily believed in Manifest Destiny and the expansion of America (Mexican-War)
126
Jane Addams
Created the hull houses for women that needed education and medical assisstance
127
John Adams
Signed the Alien and Sedition Acts and built up the navy during the Quasi-War
128
John Brown
Led a slave revolt upon Harper's ferry (Made abolitionism look bad due to that they attacked a federal armory)
129
John C. Calhoun
Created the concurrent majority concept (Minority had the right to block the majority could need special legislation for protection)
130
John D. Rockefeller
Owner of the Standard Oil Company and Oil Trust
131
John Marshall
Supreme Court Judge that used Federalist ideas to decide on cases
132
John Quincy Adams
Ended the War of 1812, promoted modernization of the American economy and education
133
Joseph Pulitzer
Journalist that used yellow journalism against big business and corruption
134
Knights of Labor
Wanted equal rights for men and women in work, lower hours, and higher wages (8-hour workday)
135
Know-Nothing (American) Party
Promoted nativist ideas in their party but were secretive
136
Ku Klux Klan
Group that oppressed Blacks through terrorism, killings, and other violence
137
Liberty Party
Advocated the view that the Constitution was an anti-slave document
138
Martin Van Buren
Succeeded Andrew Jackson but took advce from him while he was president
139
Mormon Church
Believed in polygamy and were constantly harrassed during the Temperance Movements
140
Nat Turner
American slave who led a slave rebellion (60 whites and 100 slaves died before revolt died) and laws were passed in the South to oppress the Blacks to prevent future rebellion
141
Narional Labor Union
First organized labor union
142
Populist Party
Believed in the free coinage of silver and the government regulation of railroads and telephone lines
143
Queen Liliuokalani
Hawaiian Queen (Dole stepped in and took over, Hawaii was soon annexed)
144
Radical Republicans
Believed that the rebelling states should be punished for seceding (Military Governed)
145
Robber Barons
Wealthy 19th Century businessmen who used exploitative practices to amass wealth
146
Robert Fulton
Developed the 1st steamboat (Commericialy beneficial along canals and rivers)
147
Rough Riders
1st U.S. Volunteer Cavalry that was led by Theodore Roosevelt in the Spanish-American War
148
Rutherford B. Hayes
Oversaw the end of the Reconstruction period and restored public trust in the government
149
Samuel Gompers
Leader of the AF of L
150
Second Continental Congress
Established the Articles of Confederation
151
Seventh Day Adventist Church
Puritan church that observes Saturday as Sabbath
152
Shakers
Found on the teachings of Ann Lee (based on gender equality)
153
Sons of Liberty
Radical group against the British rule (Stages riots against officers and protests)
154
Stephen Douglas
Advocated popular sovereignty within the states over the issue of slavery
155
Susan B. Anthony
Advocated womens rights but not African rights
156
Temperance Societies
Societies that were against the sins of the church and what was immoral (Liquor, prostitution)
157
Terrence Powderly
Head of the Knights of Labor (Blamed for the Haymarker Square Riot)
158
Thomas A. Edison
Made improvements in electricity (Lightbulb helped factories move away from water sources)
159
Thomas Jefferson
Promoted an agrarian society during his presidency (strict constructionist)
160
Thomas Paine
Wrote Common Sense (Pamphlet against the British Rule)
161
Ulysses S. Grant
Leader of the Union Army
162
Whig Party
Supported the supremacy of Congress over the President (Created in opposition to Johnson)
163
William Henry Harrison
Fought in Tippacanoe and in the War of 1812 (Whig Party, died after inauguration, 31 days)
164
William Jennings Bryan
Advocated the Populist ideals and free silver (Democrat)
165
William McKinley
Kept the nation on the gold standard, led the Spanish-American
War effort, and raises tariffs to protect industry
166
William Randolph Hearst
Influenced American journalism through the use of yellow journalism
167
Womens Christian Temperance Movement (WCTU)
Temperance union against alcohol, saloons, and prostitution
168
Workingmen's Party
Belief in a transformation of society through the working class in unions
169
Yeomen
Farmers that only harvested enough crops to support their family
170
Zachary Taylor
President that urged New Mexico and California for statehood (Was a whig but went against their ideals)
171
Brook Farm
Utopian Experiment made by transcendalists (All worked on labor and based on balance of work and leisure for the greater community's benefit
172
Brooklyn Bridge
Connects Manhattan and Brooklyn (Oldest suspension bridges)
173
Confederate States of America
States that were in rebellion and had seceded from the Union
174
Cuba
Territory acquired by America after the Spanish-American War (Later released due to communism)
175
Erie Canal
Made traveling easier with ships
176
Hawaii
Island state that was annexed after Dole took over the island
177
Mississippi River
River that was the beginning of the Proclamation Line of 1763
178
New Orleans
Cajun city that was taken by the Union during the Civil War (Turning point)
179
Oklahoma Territory
Natives were places in reservations within the territory
180
The Phillipinnes
Taken from the Spanish (Granted independence after revolution)
181
Puerto Rico, Samoa, and Guam
Other territories acquired after the Spanish-American War
182
Tenements
A substandard multifamily dwelling in the turbine core usually old and occupied by the poor
183
Adams-Onis Treaty
Treaty between United States and Spain in 1819 (Set out a boundary between the US and New Spain)
184
Albany Plan of Union
Proposal to create a unified government for the 13 colonies that was suggested by Benjamin Franklin
185
Alien and Sedition Acts
Four bills passed in 1798 by the Federalists and fifth United States Congress in the aftermath of the French Revolution
186
13th Amendment
Abolished slavery in all states
187
14th Amendment
Gave all American citizens basic rights
188
15th Amendment
Extended the right to vote to all African-Americans
189
American System
An economic plan that played a prominent role in American policy during the first half of the 19 century
190
Amnesty Act
A United States federal law that removed voting restrictions and office-holding disqualification against most of the secessionists who rebelled in the American Civil War except for some 500 military leaders of the Confederacy
191
Articles of Confederation
And agreement among the 13 founding states Eestalustee United States of America as a confederation of sovereign states and served as its first Constitution
192
Bill of Rights
Document that outlines all basic rights given to Americans
193
Black Codes
Set of laws within the south that restricted slavery rebellion and forbade slaves from reading or writing
194
Bland-Allison Act
An act of Congress requiring the US treasury to buy a certain amount of silver and put it into circulation as silver dollars
195
Bradwell v. Illinois
Case that solidified the narrow reading of the privileges or immunities clause of the 14th amendment and determined that the right to practice a profession was not among these privileges
196
Proclamation of 1763
Prohibited American colonists from going west of the Mississippi River
197
Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge
Case settling a dispute over the constitutional clause regarding obligation of contract
198
Cherokee Nation v. Georgia
Supreme Court case that ruled that the Supreme Court Had no original jurisdiction in the matter as a Cherichi was a dependent nation
199
Chinese Exclusion Act
Act that allowed the United States to suspend Chinese immigration a ban that was intended to last 10 years
200
Chisholm v. Georgia
Case that led to the 11th amendment
201
Command of the Army Act
Act that gave Grant power from Johnson that was used to limit Johnson's power
202
Compromise of 1850
Package of five bills passed the United States in September 1850 which diffuse the four-year confrontation between the slave states in the south and free states of the North regarding the status of territories acquired during the Mexican-American war
203
Compromise of 1877
Deal let's settled intensely disputed 1876 US Presidential election, pulled from federal troops out of state politics in the south, and ended the reconstruction era
204
Compromise Tariff
Proposed by Henry Clay and JohnJohn C. Calhoun as a resolution to the nullification crisis
205
Confiscation Act
Laws passed by the United States Congress during the Civil War with the intention of freeing the slaves still held by the Confederate forces in the south
206
Continental Association
A system created by the First Continental Congress in 1774 for implementing a trade boycott with Great Britain
207
Cumberland/National Road
The first major improvement highway in the United States to be built by the federal government
208
Dawes Severalty Act
Authorize the president of the United States to survey Indian tribal lands and divide it into allotments for individual Indians
209
Declaration of Independence
Announced that the 13 American colonies regarded themselves as independent states
210
Dred Scott v. Standford
First ruling that African Americans were not citizens and therefore had no standing to sue in federal court
211
Emancipation Proclamation
An order issued to all segments of the executive branch of the United States by President Abraham Lincoln on January 1, 1863, during the American Civil War
212
Embargo Act
A general embargo enacted by the United States Congress against Great Britain and France during the Napoleonic wars
213
Force Bill
Enacted to authorize Pres. Andrew Jackson's use of whatever force necessary to enforce federal tariffs
214
Franco-American Alliance
The 1778 alliance between France and the United States during the American Revolutionary war
215
Freedmen's Bureau
An American federal government agency that aided distressed distressed freedmen in 1865-1872, but it was very weak by 1870 during the reconstruction era of United States
216
Fugitive Slave Act
Laws passed by the United States Congress in 1793 and 1850 the ride for the return of slaves that escaped from one state into another state or territory
217
Gibbons v. Ogden
A landmark decision in which the Supreme Court held that the power to regulate interstate commerce was granted to Congress by the commerce clause by the U.S. Constitution
218
Great Compromise
An agreement that large and small states reached during the Constitutional convention of 1787 that part defined the legislative structure and representation for each state would have under the American Constitution
219
Homestead Act
Gave an applicant ownership of land, typically called a "homestead", at little or no cost
220
Independent Treasury Act
And act to provide for the better organization of the treasury, and for the collection, safekeeping, transfer, and disbursement of the public revenue
221
Indian Removal Act
An act that physically removed all Native Americans from their original Homeland to reservations in Oklahoma territory
222
Insular Cases
Several cases concerning the status of territories acquired by the United States in the Spanish-American war
223
Interstate Commerce Act
Wow that was designed to regulate the railroad industry, particularly it's monopolistic practices
224
Intolerable Acts
Name for a series of punitive laws passed by the British Parliament in 1774 relating to Massachusetts after the Boston tea party
225
Jay Treaty
Treaty between America and Britain that facilitated 10 years of peaceful trade
226
Judiciary Act of 1789
Landmark statute adopted on September 24, 1789 in the first session of the first United States Congress establishing the United States federal judiciary
227
Kansas-Nebraska Act
Created the territories of Kansas and Nebraska and repealed the Missouri compromise of 1820
228
Land Ordinance of 1785
Raised money through the sale of land in the largely unmapped territory west of the original states
229
Lincoln's Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction
Declared that states could be reintegrated into the union on 10% of 1860 vote count to take an oath of allegiance to the United States and pledge to abide by emancipation
230
Lincoln's 10% Plan
Another name for the Proclamation if Amnesty
231
Marbury v. Madison
Case in which the court form the basis for the exercise of judicial review in the United States under article 3 of the Constitution
232
Massachusetts Circular Letter
Statement written by Samuel Adams and passed by the Massachusetts House of Representatives in February 1768 in response to the Townshend acts
233
McCulloh v. Maryland
Instituted that the constitution grants Congress implied powers and that state action may not impede valid constitutional exercises of power by the federal government
234
McKinley Tariff
Raised the average duty on imports to almost 50%
235
Military Reconstruction Act
Act that replaced all southern governments with a militarized Union government
236
Missouri Compromise
Prohibited slavery above the 36° 30' line
237
Monroe Doctrine
Doctrine that prohibits any European influence on the Western Hemisphere
238
Morrill Land Grant Act
Allowed for the creation of land-grant colleges
239
Munn v. Illinois
Allowed states to regulate certain businesses within their borders, including railroads, and is commonly regarded as a milestone in the growth of federal government regulation
240
Macon's Bill No. 2
Intended to motivate Britain and France to stop seizing American vessels during the Napoleonic wars
241
Northwest Ordinance of 1787
Created the Northwest territory
242
Olive Branch Petition
An attempt to avoid a full-blown war between the 13 colonies and Britain
243
Open Door Policy
Refers to the policy in 1899 allowing multiple imperial powers access to China with none of them in control of that country
244
Oregon Treaty
Treaty that brought an end to the Oregon boundary dispute by settling competing American and British claims to the Oregon country, which have been jointly occupied by both Britain and America since the Treaty of 1818
245
Ostend Manifesto
Document written in 1854 that described the rationale for the United States to purchase Cuba from Spain and implying that the United States should declare war if Spain refused
246
Pendleton Act
Federal law established in 1883 that stipulated that government jobs should be awarded on the basis of merit
247
Pinckney's Treaty
Established the intention of friendship between United States and Spain
248
Plessy v. Ferguson
Upholded the constitutionality of state laws requiring racial segregation in public facilities under the doctrine of separate but equal
249
Protective Tariff
Tax on imports or exports
250
Quartering Acts
Enacted parliament to order local governments of the American colonies to provide the British soldiers with acommodationa and also required citizens to provide food for any British soldiers in the area
251
Rush-Bagot Agreement
Treaty between the United States and Britain limiting naval armaments on the Great Lakes and Lake Champlain (After the War of 1812)
252
Sherman Anti-Trust Act
Prohibits certain business activities that federal government regulators deem to be anti-competitive, and requires the federal government to investigate and pursue trusts, companies, and organizations suspected of being in violation
253
Sherman Silver Purchase Act
Increased the amount of silver the government was required to purchase on a recurrent monthly basis to 4.5 million ounces; however, it did not authorize the free unlimited coinage of silver that the free silver supporters wanted
254
Special Field Order No. 15
Provided for the confiscation of 400,000 acres of land on the Atlantic coastlineof South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida by William Tecumseh Sherman
255
Stamp Act
Any legislation that requires a tax to be paid on the transfer of certain documents
256
Stamp Act Congress
Meeting held between October 7 and 25th, 1765 in New York City, consisting of representatives from some of the British colonies in North America (They devised a unified protest against new British taxation)
257
Sugar Act
A revenue-raising act passed by the Parliament of Britain on April 5 of 1764
258
Currency Act
Regulated paper money issued by the colonies of British America
259
Tallmadge Amendment
Bill that requested that the territory of Missouri be admitted to the Union as a state
260
Tariff of Abominations
Test designed to protect industry in the northern United States in 1828
261
Tea Act
Allowed the British East India Company to directly ship its tea to North America and the right to the duty-free export of tea from Britain
262
Teller Amendment
Placed a condition of the United States military in Cuba in which the United States could not annex Cuba but only leave the "Control of the island to its people"
263
Tenure of Office Act
Purported to deny the president the power to remove any executive officer who had been appointed by the president, without the insight of the senate, unless the Senate approved the removal during the next full session of Congress
264
Townshend Acts
Meant to raise revenue in the colonies to pay the salaries of governors and judges so that they would be independent of colonial rule (also that Britain had the right to tax the colonies) that was made by Charles Townsend
265
Treaty of Ghent
Peace treaty that ended the War of 1812 between United States and Britain
266
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
Peace treaty signed between the United States and Mexico that ended the Mexican-American war and also gave the United States all modern American claims with the payment of $15 million to Mexico
267
Treaty of Paris
Two treaties that ended the Seven Years war and the Spanish-American war
268
Trent Affair
Removal of two Confederate diplomats aboard the Trent ship that was headed to Britain to discuss diplomatic recognition in Europe for the Confederacy
269
United States v. E.C. Knight Company
Case that limited the government's power to control monopolies
270
Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
Both Kentucky and Virginia took the position that the federal alien and sedition acts were unconstitutional
271
Wabash Case
Supreme Court decision that's really limited the rights of states to control interstate commerce
272
Wade-Davis Bill
Bill that made readmittance to Union for former Confederate states based on the ironclad oath (harsher version of the 10% plan)
273
Webster-Ashburton Treaty
Tree resolving several border issues between United States and the British North American colonies
274
Wilmot Proviso
Prohibited slavery in all-new territories (Was never passed)
275
Wilson-Gorman Tariff
Slightly reduced tariff rates from the McKinley tariff and imposed a 2% income tax
276
Worcester v. Georgia
Upheld that the Georgia criminal statute that prohibited non-Native Americans from being present on Native American lands without a license from the state was unconstitutional
