Primer Flashcards by Huni Tan

Mobile genetic elements. Jumping genes

Transposons

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Dna replication followed by insertion of new copy into another site

Replicative transposition

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Dna is excised from the site without replicaitng and the inserted in new site

Direct transposition

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Vacuolated neurons with loss of fxn and lack of an immune response or inflammation

Spongiform encephalopathies

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No human disease

Viroids

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Human prion disease. Dementia and death

Creutzfeldt-jakod disease

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Prion disease. Loss of muscle control, shivering, myoclonic jerks, loss of coordiation

Kuru

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Treatment for prion

None
Cessation of cannanalism
Disinfection of neurotools and electrodes with 5% hypochlorite or dosium dioxide
Elimination of animal products from livestock

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Smallest bacteria

Mycoplasma

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Largest medically important bacteira

Borrelia burgdorferi

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Largest bacteria

Thiomargarita namibiensis

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All mycobacteria have cell wall composed of pepticoglycan except

Mycoplasma-sterol

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Kill bacteria by cleaving the gkycan backbone

Lysozymes

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Exclusive to gram-positive

Teichiic acid

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Unique to gram neg

Endotoxins/LPS

outer membrane

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All gram-positive bacteria have no endotoxin EXCEPT

Listeria monicytogenous-

Endotoxin shock

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In gram staining, lipid is washed away by

Decolorizing agent: acetone

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Bacteria not seen in gram staining

Mycobacteriae
Spirochetes
Mycoplasma
Legionella
Chlamydia
Rickettsiae

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Legionella

Silverstain

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Chlamydia

Giemsa stain

Inclusion bodies

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Rickettsiae

Giemsa stain

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Spirochetes

Darkfield microscopy

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Mycobacteriae

Acid fast stain

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All bacterial capsules are composed of polysaccharide except

Bacillus anthracis-protein

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Spores

Bacillus | Clostirium

Capable of cleaning up environmental hazards such as oil spills and toxic chemical wastes

Biomediation

Genes for antibiotic resistance and toxins

Plasmids

Cells are depleted, nutrients are incorporated, zero griwth rate. What phase of bacterial growth

Lag phase Log phase-constant growth Maximum stationary phase- exhaustion of nutients, zero griwth rate

Oxygen metabolic generates toxic products such as

Superoxide and hydrogen peroxide

Needed to survive in aerobic environments

Superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, catalase

Obligate aerobes

Dependent on oxygen

Use fermentation but can tolerate low amounts of oxygen

Microaerophiles

Microaerophiles Use fermentation but can tolerate low amounts of oxygen because they have

Superixide dismutase SOD

Examples of obligate aerobes

Pseudomonas, mycobacterium

Examples of microaerolphiles

Campylobacter, helicobacter

ABC Of anaerobes

Actinimyces Bacteroides Clostridium

Sleep-lucid-somnolent

African triptosomaniasis

DNA transferred from one bacterium to another

Conjugation

Virus from one cell to another

Transduction

Purified DNA taken up bu a cell

Transformation

Normal flora | Skin

Staph epidermidis

Normal flora | Nose

Staph aureus

Normal flora | Mouth

Viridans sterptococci

Dental plaque

Streptococcus mutans

Colon

Bacteroides | E. Coli

Vagina

Lacyobacillus vaginalis E. Coli Streptococcus agalactiae

Pili

Attachment

Glycocalyx

Strong adhernce

Mediate binding to endothelium in Salmonella and e. Coli

Curli

Source of endotoxin

Gram- negative bacteria

Typical disease of exotoxin

Tetanus, botulism

Typical disease of endotoxin

Meningococcemia strains A , C , Y, W135

All exotoxins are heat labile excpet

Staphylococcal enterotoxin

Clostridium perfringens

Egg yolk

Corynbacterium diphtheriae

Tellurite

Group D streptococci

Bile esculin

Staphylococci

Mannitol salts

N. Meningitidis agar

Chocolte

N. Gonorrhea sterile agar chocolte

Chocolate

N. Gonorrhea nonsterile

Thayer martin

H. Flu

Chocolate + factors X and V

Mycobacterium agar

Lowenstein-jensen/ middlebrook

Vibrio cholerae agar

Thiosulfate citrate bile salts (TCBS)

Bordetella pertussis

Bordet-gengou/regan-lowe charcoal

Legionella pneumophilla

Charcoal-yeast extract

Campylobacter, helicobacter agar

Skirrows/campy

Borrelia burgdorferi agar

Barbour-stoenner-kelly (BSK)

Mycoplasma pneumoniae agar

Eaton

Pseudomonas aeruginosa agar

Cetrimide

Salmonella, shigella agar

Kylose-lysine-deoxycholate (XLD)

Leptospira interrogans agar

Ellinghausen-McCullough-johnson-harris (EMJH)/ fltecher's

Gray baby syndrome

Chloramphenicol

Kernicterus in neonates caused by what drug

Sulfonamides

Cause cartilage damage and arthropathy in children

Quinolones

Purplish brown discoloration of teeth

Tetracyclines

Teratogenic and never be used

Metronidazole and ticarcillin

Effects on CN VIII fxn of fetus

Aminoglycosides

In g6pd, these drugs will precipitate hemolysis

Chloramphenicol Sulfonamides Nitrofurantoin

Slow acetylators of INH

Amercins- polyneuritis

Fast acetylators of INH

Asians- hepatotoxic