Primer 19 Flashcards
4 common side effects of B Blockers:
- Bradycardia–> AV block
- Decrease myocardial contraction–> CHF
- Mask Hypoglycemia
- Bronchoconstriction
Compare mitral and aortic regurgitation murmurs:
Mitral Regurg:
- holosystolic
- heard best at apex in left lateral decubitus position
- louder with squatting, expiration
Aortic Regurg:
- Diastolic
- heard best at left sternal boarder
- look for wide pulse pressure
In which order of elimination (zero or first) do you see linear decrease in plasma concentration of a substance when plotted against time?
zero order kinetics–rate of elimination is independent of level of substance
Describe the function of the gubernaculum in males and females; what residual structures do they form?
Plays role in genital descent
Males: anchors testes to scrotum
Females: Anchors uterus to labia majora–forms round and ovarian ligaments
Describe the function of the processus vaginalis in males and females; what residual structures do they become?
Plays role in dental descent
Males: becomes tunica vaginalis
Females: Obliterates
What structures develop from the mesonephric duct system?
All internal male genetalia except prostate
What is the female homolog to each of the following male structures:
- Glans Penis
- Corpus spongiosum/cavernosum
- Bulbourethral (Cowpers) Glands
- Prostate
- Ventral Shaft
- Scrotum
- Glans clitoris
- Vestibular bulbs
- greater vestibular (bartholian) glands)
- urethral/ paraurethral (skene) glands
- labia minora
- labia majora
What gene product comes for the SRY gene?
Describe the consequences of this gene product:
- SRY–> testis determining factor–> Sertoli + leydig cell development
- Sertoli cells–> mullarian inhibitory factor–> degeneration of Paramesonephric/ mullarian ducts
- Leydig cells–> testosterone–> mesonephric duct develops into male internal genetalia (except prostate)
- Testosterone + 5a-Reductase–> DHT –> Urogenital sinus + genital tubercle form male external genetalia (and prostate)
Describe the circumstances that allow for female genital formation:
Does this require hormone induction?
What happens to the paramesonephric duct, mesonephric duct, and urogenital sinus?
DEFAULT: does not require hormone induction:
- Paramesonephros–> (NO mullerian inhib. factor)–> Fallopian tubes, uterus, upper vajayjay
- Mesonephros–> NO Testosterone–> Degenerates
- Urogenital Sinus–> NO DHT–> Becomes Sinovaginal bulbs which form lower vajayjay
Describe Exstrophy of the bladder.
Which which urethral malformation is it associated?
- Congenital gap in anterior bladder wall + abdominal wall in front of it
- Results in bladder exposure to outside world
- Associated with Epispadias
What is vaginal agenesis/atresia? What causes this?
Hypoplasia of malarian ducts or urogenital sinus cause failure of upper or lower vagina to form properly or at all (atresia)
What is a bicornurate uterus?
What causes this?
Uterus with two heads!
Caused by failure of 2 paramesonephric ducts to fuse during development–can result in infertility
What are hypospadias and epispadias? Which is more common?
Hypospadias: (more common) urethral opening on ventral (bottom) of penis
Epispadias: urethra opening on dorsal (top) of penis–associated with extrophy of the bladder
both can be corrected with surgery
